Information Technology

Passware

2011-08-22T03:00:00.000+07:00

Passware is a software company that has updated its flagship application to open the application Microsoft BitLocker hard drive encryption. Software called Forensic Passware Kit Version 9.5 can unlock the encryption for the hard dribe protected by BitLocker in a few minutes. This application scans the memory image file from the target computer and extract all the BitLocker encryption key on a disk.

Therefore, Passware has been named as the creator of the first software commercially available to break down the BitLocker Drive Encryption. Passware Kit Forensics is the application that can recover passwords from files and perform various genius decrypt file types of Word and Excel.

Norton Rely On Reputation Technology

2011-08-17T14:58:00.000+07:00

The concept of reputation has been used to obtain statistics and ratings to overcome various problems. Symantec began to adopt this system since Norton 2010 with hopes of improving Internet security standards. Berbasi technology will leverage the reputation of the greatest weapons owned by cyber criminals.With a reputation for technology precisely the uniqueness of the file and its attributes that help Symantec identified a new malicious program.

Technology reputation Norton 2010 can track the files and applications and dozens of file attributes such as age, source downloads, digital signatures and diffusion rate.This technology will strengthen the traditional security techniques make it more aggressive and would be more difficult for criminals to avoid detection.

Ubuntu release GIMP

2011-08-14T15:21:00.002+07:00

GIMP and Ubuntu loyal users were given a surprise because it is rumored GIMP Ubuntu no longer provides the following distribution packages (Ubuntu 10.04). GIMP is considered to be merely an established congenital package. Instead, Ubuntu will use the image editing application that simplified called F-Spot.

Although no longer included in the Ubuntu package, GIMP will still be available through the Ubuntu Software Center. As for Ubuntu users with GIMP a later plan to upgrade the program will still find it in his system.

New Twitter API

2011-08-07T10:18:00.000+07:00

Twitter has launched a new capability that allows new users to the service twitter got them from third party application or website. In order to attract more new users, creating twitter Sign Up API feature that allows anyone to make Accout twitter from other websites.

But so far, the new functionality is present on Citysearch, the U.S. local sites that provide business information and directions to various public services. The owner of the account on Citysearch businessman who made a twitter account using the new API, could see their tweets appear in the business pages Citysearch

Quality Cameras

2011-07-31T19:59:00.000+07:00

Google and Microsoft joined the Camera Phone Image Initiativein an effort to raise the quality of camera phones. Together with existing partners, both helping to create a rating system that willassess not only by cell phone camera resolution but also the sharpness of the image, the amount of visible noise, color reproduction and lens artifacts, such as distortion or color effect.

This cooperation is supported several phone manufacturers and top class lens, such as: Motorola, Nokia, and Sony Ericsson as well as camera makers, such as: Aptina, Fujifilm and Kodak.

Google Real Time

2011-07-17T17:27:00.000+07:00

Google released a new application that is able to change the core business of online search, namely Google Real Time Live Search. This application is able to retrieve all the latest happenings from Live Tweets, Yahoo Answers, the article asked, and web pages. This new search system is also capable of working on Android and Iphone Mobile devices. Google also launched an application for Google Android phones that will allow people to seek more information on famous monuments or works of art simply by taking pictures of objects only.

In addition, Google has cooperated with facebook and myspace to pull data in real time. And also, google is also able to show the location of phone users through Software GPS and digital compass made for many smart phone that runs Google's Android operating system.

AMD Athlon II X 4 620 2.6 GHZ

2011-07-10T07:59:00.002+07:00

Socket : AM3
TDP : 95 watts
Code Name : Propus
OPI / HT : 4 GHZ
Core Clock : 2.8 GHZ

Turbo Boost : N / A
Hyper Trading : N / A
Core / Threads : 4 / 4
L1 Cache : 512 kb
L2 Cache : 2 mb
L3 Cache : N / A
Memory Controller : Dual Channel
Die Size : 169
Transistor : 300
Process : 45

Processor AMD Athlon II X 4 630 2.8 GHZ

2011-07-03T07:52:00.000+07:00

Socket : AM3
TDP : 96 watts
Code Name : Propus
OPI / HT : 4 GHZ
Core Clock : 2.8 GHZ

Turbo Boost : N / A
Hyper Trading : N / A
Core / Threads : N / A
L1 Cache : 512 kb
L2 Cache : 2 mb
L3 Cache : N / A
Memory Controller : Dual Channel
Die Size : 169
Transistor : 300
Process : 45

AMD Phenom II X 4 965 BE 3.4 GHZ

2011-06-29T08:14:00.002+07:00

Socket : AM3
TDP : 140 watts
Code Name : Deneb
OPI / HT : 4 GHZ
Core Clock : 3.4 GHZ

Turbo Boost : N / A
Hyper Trading : N / A
Core / Threads : 4 / 4
L1 Cache : 512 kb
L2 Cache : 2 mb
L3 Cache : 6 mb
Memory Controller : Dual Channel
Die Size : 258
Transistor : 758
Process : 45

Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200 2.33 GHZ

2011-06-26T10:43:00.000+07:00

Socket : LGA 775
TDP : 95 watts
Code Name : Yorkfield
OPI / HT : N/ A
Core Clock : 2.33 GHZ

Turbo Boost : N/ A
Hyper Trading : N/ A
Core / Threads : 4 / 4
L1 Cache : 256 kb
L2 Cache : 4 mb
L3 Cache : N/ A
Memory Controller : N/ A
Die Size : 164
Transistor : 456
Process : 45

Intel Core I50 – 750 2.66 GHZ

2011-06-19T09:07:00.001+07:00

Socket : LGA 1156
TDP : 95 watts
Code Name : Lynfield
OPI / HT : 4.8 GT / s
Core Clock : 2.66 GHZ

Turbo Boost : 3.2 GHZ
Hyper Trading : No
Core / Threads : 4 / 4
L1 Cache : 256 kb
L2 Cache : 1 mb
L3 Cache : 8 mb
Memory Controller : Dual Channel
Die Size : 296
Transistor : 774
Process : 45

Intel Core I7 – 920 2.66 GHZ

2011-06-12T20:26:00.001+07:00

Specification Processor
Intel Core I7 – 920 2.66 GHZ
Socket : LGA 1366
TDP : 130 watts
Code Name : Bloomfield
OPI / HT : 4.8 GT / s
Core Clock : 2.66 GHZ

Turbo Boost : 2.93 GHZ
Hyper Trading : Yes
Core / Threads : 4 / 8
L1 Cache : 256 kb
L2 Cache : 1 mb
L3 Cache : 8 mb
Memory Controller : Tri Channel
Die Size : 263
Transistor : 731
Process : 45

Description of TCP / IP

2010-07-17T21:59:00.001+07:00

TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) be name of network protocols family. Protocol is a group of order which must be followed by company and products software that product they compatible can one with other. A protocol determines how a software to communicate with other software, also determines how every part of overall of package arranges journey of its the information.

TCP / IP actually is two kinds of protocol differs in. Not like the one is assumed by many people, term TCP / IP refers to all protocol family designed to transfer information along the length of network. TCP / IP is designed to be software component from a network. All parts in TCP / IP has separate duty. Protocol TCP responsible breaks information into some packages, while IP is holding responsible transports packages according to its the purpose. Then TCP undertakes reunites packages to correct sequence.

Sample Program Flash

2010-07-03T16:10:00.001+07:00

Management of Layer
Stage at flash earn lapped over to the one, two or more layer (likely transparent coat) placing of object. Related panel of management of layer is panel of time lino (located usually above stage). To presenting it (if not yet seen at workroom) depress Ctrl+Alt+T, by default when us open a new document at Flash hence will is automatically given by a so called layer of layer 1.

Animation of Shape Tweening
To design animation, at available flash of facility of tweening. Tweening represent facility of automatic generalization part of between (dots among early and is final) a animation. So that which need to be conducted by animator enough with only analysis at starting points and is final, for middle shares of him of flash generalize automatically.

Technique Animation

2010-06-04T19:57:00.001+07:00

Cel Animation
Element in scene changing to be drawn in conceived of transparent items sheet 'cel' and put down by above separate drawn background usually background made in long sheet and moved by during cel of him "peripatetic"
Digital Cel
Layer dissociate shares part of silent picture so that each shares can be moved individually each frame consist of background, what tend to to be kept quiet, and some peripatetic object. To make animation, prioritize to make background in is digital of cel, object is easily copied and removed.

Frame Animation Key
Key Frame is saving all information of object as a whole. Frame exist between him only change saving that happened. Usually frame key put down by at extreme change of process of in between conducted by calculation by computer
Stop animation motion
Many technique, but all the him use miniature 3D, Object is figure made in, where shares can be arranged or changed, to show peripatetic effect of existing final method of animation clay
Sprite Animation
Single saving copy of static object and note description change of object between frame change of object can be repeated continuously causing continual peripatetic effect
Motion Graphics
Formation of objects graphical which is an filter and compiled in such a manner form an change
3D Animation
Defined by number of numeric. Used by process of transformation 3D and viewing 3D. Many additional parameter, taking example illumination intensity

Starts Working with Macromedia Flash MX 2004

2010-05-28T13:16:00.001+07:00

step of usage of Macromedia Flash MX 2004 :
1. menu click start → program → macromedia → macromedia flash mx 2004, causing emerges initial display
2. At initial display (Welcome Screen), there are some choices that is serve the purpose of short cut to determine data type which will be built with Flash, that is :

a. Open a Recent Document, this choice applied to open file which has have ever been made or kept
b. Create New, applied to make a file flash which is new
c. Create From Template, makes file flash from choice template (example provided by flash) which there have.
3. Because this is first time you works with Flash, hence selecting option Create New, with choice as follows :
a. Flash Document, applied for make documents create flash which is new, usually will form a file with extension fla (*. fla).
b. Flash Slide Presentation, this choice applied to make a presentation slid by using Flash, will become a file with extension fla (*. fla)
c. Flash Form Application, this choice applied to make a from application built by using Flash, within reason like a form in Basic visual programming, file yielded also in the form of fla.
d. ActionScript File, this choice applied if in the application of flash built will be added ActionScript to give behavior to component flash built, having format yielding file (*. ace).
e. ActionScript Communication File, this choice is choice for level programming advance of ActionScript with Flash, to connect the application of flash with the application of other, and or application builds mobile with flash, its(the output file is (*. asc)
f. Flash JavaScript File, this choice applied to make a javascript at the application of flash, file formed by extension (*. jsfl)
g. Flash Project, this choice applied to build a complete project from a the application of flash, on file file in format (*. flp).

New Fixture Flash MX Professional

2010-05-08T16:26:00.001+07:00

Macromedia Flash is one of the application of a real popular animation is circle by practitioner and designer the application of multimedia. Flash is one of pledge product Macromedia which is quite a lot is applied by this soot. This thing is marked with the hoisterous of various types game in format Flash is earning you to meet in internet. Ability of Flash also enough popular among the animation makers and the application of web which interesting. Some new fixture of flash mx is :

time line effects : to give transition and animation
panel behaviors : to make an animation interactive without having to writes down certain code
accessibility support : to control various interface
spell checker : to verify mistake of spelling at writing of script or form of other text
import video wizard : to water down you in importing file – video file into documents flash
flash player detection : to verify version flash player applied at computer

Difference Between Web Based Programming And System Programming

2010-04-25T20:28:00.000+07:00

Making of application bases on web to differ from making of application bases on windows (visual of programming), for example Visual Basic, Delphi, or KDevelop. In visual of programming, we increase speed and application performance with optimization of memory usage, process management, and arrangement Input-output. At programming bases on web, factor determining application performance is speed database access and speed of network access and internet.

Second difference, be way of application runs. At the application of visual, application is built by using certain tool, then is compilation. Result of its earns direct applied in computer. Application bases on web cannot be implemented direct in computer. To implement it, required certain engine, in this case web server.

Concept Multi Tier Application

2010-03-13T19:44:00.000+07:00

The application of internet bases on web, which we would develop in this training, be one of applying of multi tier application. Multi tier application is application divided to become some parts implementing each function. In general, there is three bodyworks of multi tier application :
- Client side presentation
Client eunuch presentation arranges how the application of interaction with user. The concerned interaction for example is how data is presented, how function and fixture application is presented. In application bases on web, client eunuch presentation is made with HTML language, CSS, and JavaScript. Some tool applied to make client eunuch presentation between of Microsoft Frontpage, Macromedia Dreamweaver, etcetera. Client eunuch presentation bases on web its(the example is display the application of enamel which we are open with browser.

- Server side business logic
Eunuch server business logic, often is called as also middle tier, be part which is in control of mode of action of application. In it we arrange how function and fixture application can work carefully. In application bases on web, there are some alternative which can be applied, determined by type platform applied. This alternative will be explained more detail at part hereinafter.
- Backend storage
Part of this arranges way of data storage. Storage of data is matter that is enough is development inner complex of application. Because speed, perfection, and security of data is critical factor in application. There is many available database solutions in marketing. In general, database applied having type relational (Relational Database Management System – RDBMS). Data management is done with language SQL (Standard Query Language).

Design And Scheme Software Database Application

2010-03-05T19:44:00.002+07:00

To can compile an application at Access, hence before all need to be designed a data base, before entering it into Data Base Access. There are a lot of technique and way to design data base. One of them is simple, visible of steps following :
1) Collects all entities (entity) in application is wishing you are create, then determines also data items (field) in the entity. There is 2 prohibition when doing first step, that is: doesn't there is tables representing some entities, labored every tables only accommodate one entities and doesn't there are identical data item repeatedly in one entities, dissociates into other tables.

2) Specifies index locks. Index is enlisting value sequence in one fields for entity. Field made an index to called as with lock field or index field. One other of vital importance is specify primary lock. Primary lock so central important in compilation of tables, because:
a) Field given primary index, will have the character of on unique (may not be twin)
b) Key required to specify relationship between tables
3) Specifies Relationship between tables. After tables made and split, hence the next step is specify relationship between the tables. There is three relationship types between tables, that is :
a) One-To-One : it is simplest relationship, where every data at a tables, only elation with a data also in other tables.
b) One-To-Many : it is relationship which at most met, where a data at one particular tables is having relationship with many data at other tables.
c) Many-To-Many : it is relationship which must be avoided in data base scheme. If happened relationship Many-To-Many, hence having to be searched its the alternative by the way of making medium tables between the tables.
Before we enter data to data base access we need to make data base planning, data base scheme steps, that is: step firstly dissociate all entities and data items, second step determine last index and step is determine relationship.

XML Web Services

2010-02-19T20:33:00.002+07:00

In understanding that is simple, XML Web Services earns in defining as application accessed by the application of other. Possibly people haves a notion that is a kind of web site, but that do not that way. There is differences differentiating with web site. The visible difference under this
Website
1. Has web interface
2. Made direct interaction to with user
3. Made to work for web browser.

Web Services
1. Doesn't have interface which is good
2. Made direct interaction to with the application of good other of difference OS / Concept even if.
3. Made to work for all type client application / peripheral device
As according to its the name, XML Web Service save its the data in format XML and hence becomes multiplatform in the case of its the accessibility. For you are which has recognized programming with VB6, Delphi, Java, or other language hence you has recognized existence of various library in by it there is various function, property, and event to facilitate application making. analogous Web Service with library but doesn't require special registration into operating system its the saving. on file Web Service in Web Server causing can be accessed by multilingual of programming with interest easy to be good in area LAN and also Internet. this Web Service System expected increases collaboration between programmers and company, what enables a function in Web Service can be borrowed by the application of other without shall have knowledge programming detail which there is in it. For present condition , web services suited for finalizing problem at system old concept business to system tar business Integrated. So with business conceptual model earns in access and using kinds of applications and device. All these worked with a few protocol standard which there are :
- XML
- WSDL
- SOAP
- UDDI

Combination Fireworks With The Another Application

2010-02-11T08:48:00.000+07:00

Output Fireworks
Work result which has been made by using Fireworks coupled with other tools to yield website which functional. Output Fireworks there are some type, between it :
- Combination image and JavaScript
- Image animation
This output type depends on object which we to choose, its the treatment type and animation.

Export file
To export result of work of Fireworks into file, does steps following:
1. File Click --> Export
2. Determines configuration appropriate
3. Click OK
There are some setting which can be configuration. Some important are :
- Slicing
- Style
- Location
Slicing
Determines slice which will be exported.
Style
Optimization result of export for the application of certain.
Location
- Same Directory: export HTML to the same folder with image files.
- One Level Up : export HTML one folders above image files. This is choice that is most commonly is applied.
- Custom : Determines itself location result of export
- Copy of to Clipboard : export HTML to Clipboard so that ready in paste in the application of other.
Sees result of export in folder determined. file HTML yielded earns direct copied and paste in interconnected application.

Fireworks Technology

2010-02-07T07:05:00.000+07:00

Purpose of main of Fireworks is to yield website. Peripheral alternative of reach purpose of the is inter alias :
- Microsoft FrontPage
- Macromedia Dreamweaver
Microsoft FrontPage
Be product Microsoft, enables designer to make website with graphical interface
Excess :
- Simple and easy usage
- Requirement of lower system than Fireworks and Dreamweaver

Weakness :
- Cannot present Applet at the time of editing
- Haves no fixture integration with database backend
- Haves no ability image-editing
- Haves no ability to make animation with image
- Support From JavaScript and CSS minim
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Excess :
- Can make website which directly integrated with database backend
- Can present Java Applets and ActiveX directly when editing
- Has fixture automation JavaScript
- Has fixture automation CSS
Weakness :
- Requirement of higher system than FrontPage
- Relative usage more difficult and complexly
- Haves no ability of image editing
Macromedia Fireworks
Excess :
- Has ability of text formatting which is complete
- Has ability of image manipulation
- Has ability to make animation
Weakness :
- Haves no integration with database
- Requires reasoning of knowledge of image editing

Fireworks

2010-01-27T20:20:00.000+07:00

Fireworks is the application of graphic design majored to make website. As according to the definition, Fireworks is more majored its use for designer website with reasoning of graphic design expertise, what entangles peripheral image editing, like Adobe Photoshop and or Corel Draw. Fixtures available in Fireworks adapted for reasoning of skill image editing, between it is :

Ability edits various types image in one applications.
Ability makes animation effect at image
Ability edits image and web page in one applications.
To yield website which is professional and elegant, Fireworks must be combined its use as according to allotment and fixture on unique each application. At the next part of we will see some technologies which can be made alternative and also complement Macromedia Fireworks.

Search Engine Optimization

2010-01-25T10:47:00.001+07:00

SEO, be way which must be gone through if your website fail to occupy position 20 big for keyword expected. There is two primary factors which must be gave attention to process SEO, that is :
1.Factor Internal (relates to writing of content website and HTML)
2.Factor External (relates to link popularity)

Internal Factor
In determining ranking, search engine hardly pays attention to content website as one of reference to determine level of relevance. Web page that is which is the design full image, only consisted of picture and flash and doesn't figure in ordinary text, very difficult read by search engine. Although The existing google has started applies technology AI (Artificial Intelligence), remain to be just has not can read meaning from a picture. Hence from that is content in the form of pure text is obliged to used that your website desisting easy to. In compiling content text, labors that keyword or keyword which you expects used at sentences in the text. Assumes just of keyword is main topic. And if you had a few knowledge about HTML, locates keyword at tag title and at attribute ALT in tag img. Usage of keyword which intended here is usage in fair boundary with a note of sentence still delicious to be read.
Factor External
Search engine applies factor external as reference relevance between content website and keyword. Factor intended is link popularity, that is the many link from other website leading to your website.

Increases Function Of Web Site

2010-01-18T11:57:00.000+07:00

More and more the many internet users hence more and more there are also many web site fitter in Internet. So the many the web sites causing haves no all the its visited by internet user. Web site which silent of visitor often is resulted by a more regular web site maker thought of design and technology which they is create than marketing the web site to other internet user. In general, process of good web site is with existence of team work which is each other supports between 3 element. That is designer, programmer and marketer / administrator. Designer is man which can submit image a business or someone in the form of graphic / picture or animation. This graphical is representative of nuance from owner of web site as a whole. So a designer must can translate what wanted owner of web site (from interview or article) into visual form. Programmer is man is holding responsible in implementing the programs in web site, supposes guest book, counter, form application, reservation and others. formation of Composition web which has been made by designer is implemented carefully by programmer. Hence designer and programmer can be considered to be a group / production team. Marketer is required by filling blankness which cannot be done either by designer and also programmer. Because a designer, because she is man who reasoning of art, more can talk in the form of visual, while as one who programmer reasoning of technique more can talk in programming language that is difficult to understand.

Required someone who is mastering popular language to give information to the Netter in the world with language which is easy is comprehended. One things that is often forgotten by owner of web site is; speed of response to entering enamel or comments. Often web site visitor sends enamel or fills guest book but doesn't visit getting comments from owner of sites. Or even so there are comments but haves the character of late. This thing must be improve by owner of web site. Speed of response is condition sine qua non for serious of we are having business in web.
Standard activity that must be done by marketer is:
Sign in web site at all search the engine,
Diligent follows mailing list is relating to product,
Active in newsgroup and diligent reciprocates every entering enamel and
Diligent reciprocates comments from guest book visitor.
Man is social society and that is natural of which cannot be disobeyed. Man cannot live itself, for the reason web site which is made in man also cannot independent. Willingness to braid team work with web other site hardly required in supporting successful a web site. With installing banner at web other site larger ones and many its the visitors and earns link to place of web your site would hardly assists increasing number of visitors at web your site.

Operation of File In Visual of Basic

2010-01-15T14:08:00.000+07:00

Visual of Basic provides a facility to read, save and repairs data file, causing enables to dissociate data with program, and program can become better because cannot base on data (independent to data), with the meaning its changing data can easily without there having to change its the program file.
Operation of File in Visual Basic there is all kinds of way of file access into its(the application program, be:
1.Opens File
2.Reads File
3.Saving File

To open file good to depository need and also for read applies common command as follows : Open “Name_File” For {Status} As #{n}
Saving data to file in program Visual Basic can be done with opening file for save or writes to file : Open Name_File For Output As #1
To read data from file in program Visual Basic can be done beforehand opens file for reading from file : Open Name_File For Input As #1
Components To Operate For Visual File of Basic has provided components for operating file which in the form of DriveListBox, DirListBox and FileListBox is laying in toolbox.
Description every component File :
1.DriveListBox is component which can present all the drive in MyComputer.
2.Dirlistbox is component which can present all the folders in drive appointed by DriveListBox
3.FileListBox is component which can present all the files in folder appointed by DirListBos or folder path.

Making Web Concept

2010-01-08T11:04:00.000+07:00

Following there are some aspects that need to be paid attention in making a website :
USABILITY
Usability is a real important thing in designing web (web design). very Good if having a dynamic website which seems to be professional and good , but if needs a real time download stripper to an article or usage of its(the navigation is very complicated hence no wonder if consumer would "go out" from your website and will not return again. It is important to know, generally consumer (user) wish to get information quickly though its the website appearance so. If too old when looking for information hence the direct consumers would close the web page. Remembers, doesn't sacrifice usability aspect in design website.

NAVIGATION
Navigation also becomes a real important thing in a website functioning to assist consumer (user) in exploring website we to look for information wanted in easy. Navigation that is nicely express a real website structure good.
WRITING CONCEPT
Writing technique in web differs from writing for publication (printed). Time was crux for they using Internet, so that the consumers Internet will not play around with it just for reading a real text a lot. Research proves that the consumers tends to checks text in monitor screen. Besides, quicker reads in monitor screen compared to reads on paper.
SIMPLICITY
Moderation is important thing in making a web professional. Modestly here not in meaning of appearance a sites, but more leads to its the writing technique.
ACCESSIBILITY
a thing which is easy is accessed to all people neglectfully browser, platform, operating system, jointed or broken is a real main thing to consider when designing a website. You are not necessarily hinder a consumer web exit, whosoever can become potency to become visitor / customer / client. After a website easy to be accessed, makes usage of your website would many accessed by consumer / visitor.
COLOR BLINDNESS
Around one of eleven might not can apply your website relates to some color blindness formats (color blindness). Best, your website will not seems to be at man who color blind of like the one you has designed. Its out of luck is again, this thing it is possible that illegible text, navigation which is difficult applied and other element which hidden.
GRAPHIC
Element of graph hardly required in a website, because have some functions. But if too much using graph, it is possible that website we will generate various problems.
NEW TECHNOLOGY
Development of internet which so fast makes some developer to add new technology can present application required. As a web developer, of course must always keeps abreast of in illusory world that when designing web doesn't arise problem effect of technology cave which statute bared has.

Control Structure IF

2010-01-06T12:51:00.001+07:00

Control structure in programming language is command with form (structure) certain applied to arrange (controls) the way program. Visual of Basic 6 recognizes two control structure types, that is :
1. Decision control structure - applied to decide which program code would done based on a condition.

2. Repetition control structure - applied to do repetition of program code. Would studied at chapter hereinafter.
There is two form of decision control structure, that is :
1. Structure IF ... THEN.
2. Structure SELECT ... CASE.
Form of writing (syntax) structure IF ... THEN :
1. IF condition THEN program code
If condition valuable of True hence will be done.
2. IF condition THEN
program code block 1
ELSE
program code block 2
END IF
If condition valuable of True hence program code block 1 will be done, but if condition valuable of False hence program code block 2 which will be done.

Masking My Banner

2009-12-27T14:23:00.000+07:00

At this practice, banner which has been designed added by animation masking, hence at this practice, which animation us masking would be information text becoming identity banner. For this requirement file banner which has been made, then is edited again by using Adobe Photoshop to eliminate text which will be animation masking. After all texts which will be animation masking is vanished, hence file banner is kept again with extension JPG or GIF. The identity text then can be again by using Flash or remain to by using Adobe. We assume so that design appearance banner we are not far differed from design at photoshop, hence better apply again Adobe Photoshop to make text, of the size image adapted for by layer text original which has been vanished. Animation concept masking which we would do is, at identity text there will be commutation of text color, at the time of passed by masking. Hence for the requirement can be done steps following :

1. New text file create with Adobe Photoshop, with white letter color and then adds a few stroke and drop shadow adapted for by color background place of theca will be placed at banner
2. Then keeps the file by the name of Teks1gif
3. Does changing of text color, for example with blue color, and then kept by the name of Teks2.gif
4. Step of hereinafter, open a new document at Flash
5. Import three pictures which will be applied to make animation masking banner, that is : Banner.jpg / Banner.gif, Teks1.gif and Teks2.gif
6. Each picture placed at layer which separate. Banner at Layer 1, Teks1.gif at layer 2 and Teks2.gif at layer 3
7. Adds one new layer, then adds a rectangle tool, to make a square box
8. Step of hereinafter do arrangement of frame and masking, so doing motion like steps of the example of case 1 and 2

Masking For My Head And My Brain

2009-12-18T20:54:00.000+07:00

At this case practice, we will apply two pictures which will be applied for example usage Masking. That is picture a skull and man skull interior picture. Follows steps following :
1. We design a masking scanning man brain.
2. Firstly prepares an animation area at document flash of the size 800 x 600 pixel (H x W) at size document, black background color setting.
3. Picture file import Thorax which will be animation at Layer 1, with clicks menu File then Import then Import to stage, then change name layer becomes Thorax.

4. Adds a new layer of its the change name becomes contents of head, then picture file import contents of Thorax to layer.
5. At layer Thorax, right click at frame 50, then chooses pop up menu insert frame.
6. At layer contents of head, right click at frame 50, then chooses pop up menu insert frame.
7. Then adds a New Layer, berry name of X-ray.
8. Create a length square box vertical, by using Rectangle Tool, create of the size higher from picture which masking would, places at picture left side which masking would.
9. At layer X-ray, right click at frame 50, chooses Insert Key Frame.
10. Then still at the same layer, right click at frame to 25, chooses Insert Key Frame, then carries over position right side area which masking would.
11. Right click at Layer X-ray, then chooses Mask.
12. Still at the same layer , at frame 15, and 35 right clicks, chooses Insert Motion Tween
13. Implements animation with clicking Ctrl + Enter.

Implementation Masking For Body

2009-12-16T10:16:00.000+07:00

At this case practice, we will apply two pictures which will be applied for example usage Masking. Follows step - step of following :
1. We design a masking body a moppet
2. Firstly prepares an animation area at document flash of the size 120 x 101 pixel (H x W). at size document, black background color setting
3. Picture file import Children which will be animation at Layer 1, with clicking menu File then Import then Import to stage, then change name layer becomes Children

4. Adds a new layer of its the change name becomes Body, then picture file import Body to layer
5. At layer Children, right click at frame 50, then chooses pop up menu insert frame
6. At layer Body, right click at frame 50, then chooses pop up menu insert frame
7. Then adds a New Layer, berry name of X-ray
8. Create a length square box vertical, by using Rectangle Tool, create of the size higher from picture which masking would, places at picture left side which masking would
9. At layer X-ray, right click at frame 50, chooses Insert Key Frame
10. Then still at the same layer, right click at frame to 25, chooses Insert Key Frame, then carries over position right side area which masking would
11. Right click at Layer X-ray, then chooses Mask
12. Still at the same layer , at frame 15, and 35 right clicks, chooses Insert Motion Tween
13. Implements animation with clicking Ctrl + Enter

Topology Physical Network

2009-09-26T22:13:00.001+07:00

Bus Topology
Bus Topology have the following characteristic :
1.Nodes connective serially alongside cable, and at both tip of cable closed over with terminator
2.Very simple in installation, also very economic in the case of expense
3.Packages data is sending each other at one cable of coaxial (cable the example of RG 58) so that if node which in circuit plenty of, network performance will go down cause often happened collision
4.Do not be needed by hub at network like this, which needed many is T-Connector in each card Ethernet
5.Problem which often happened is if one of the damage card Ethernet, or impedance at cable far above or under 50 ohm (for the cable of RG 58), hence entirety network earn down, so that all node cannot communicate in network

Ring Topology
Ring Topology have the following characteristic :
1.Nodes connective serially alongside cable, with network form like circle
2.Very simple in layout
3.Packages data emit a stream of in one way so that collision can be obviated
4.Problem faced is equal to bus topology

Star Topology
Star Topology have the following characteristic :
1.Each node communicate direct with concentrator, become data traffic emit a stream of from node to concentrator, then the data in broadcast to all node which in circuit to concentrator
2.Because each data package which step into concentrator then in broadcast to all node which in circuit to concentrator, hence if node which in circuit plenty of (for example wearing hub owning 32 port, and all port loaded), collision will often happened so that downhill network performance. But this matter do not happened if hub changed with hub switch, because switch have ability to chosen one band of is target of data, do not in broadcast to all port
3.Very easy developed by because every node only in circuit directly to concentrator
4.If one of the damage card Ethernet, or one of the broken cable, hence overall of network still communicate, do not happened down at entirety network
5.Type used cable usually cable have type to of UTP

Physical Network Tools

2009-09-16T13:46:00.000+07:00

Ethernet Card
Is first time developed by Xerox of Corp year 70-an and popular in the year 80-an which is accepted as by family of IEEE802.3. Work pursuant to network broadcast where each node receive delivery data by other node. maximum Data length till 1,5 Kbytes. Owning address designed by factory as identity every Ethernet. Speed had now have reached 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps and have the character of Plug Play and, its meaning automatically can detect by operating system of Linux and of Windows when attached in computer. The Way of job : node will deliver data package seen beforehand workload of network (network). If business will await silent until, then node deliver its package. If happened collision (data collision) both of node deliver signal into network, then node will desist to deliver data, and after network have do not stir hence at random is trying each other to return.

Hub / Switch
Hub / Functioning Switch as connective concentrator some computer in one network also to connect some cable segment so that can reach broader distance. Hub / Switch do not have microprocessor. Way of its activity is to strengthen signal.
UTP Cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
UTP Cable generally use 24 AWG. Required by RJ-45 connector and of Crimp tool to pair cable to its it and there no cross between feet of connector. Consist of strand of metal couple of Rx (Receive) and of Tx (Transmit). Its Characteristic is : a couple of cable which is turned around so that can lessen noise and interference, can only handle one data canal, can transfer maximal data until 100 Mbps and its contrary Polarity 180° so that noise will is negating each other moment reach its back part.

Computer Network

2009-09-07T21:17:00.000+07:00

In general the so called as computer network is some computer able to interact and conduct communications one another by using peripheral of network like card Ethernet, bridge, modem and others. Between peripheral of the network connected to pass/ media, can wireless (microwave) and also with cable media like UTP, STP and also of fiber optic. Advantage use computer network for example :

Can conduct transfer of file or data
Usage of printer together by all computer unit which in circuit
Communications between employees in an departmental environment become more effective with existence of Email program and Chatting
Data access between computer can limit from undesirable consumer pass installation of password in every computer
If one of the computer unit in circuit with Internet pass or modem of LAN, hence all or some of unit computer at network earn also access internet with method of sharing connection

Type Computer Network
If seen from scope side and its reach, network can be divided to become some type, that is :

LAN (Local Area Network). Only there are one or two server and also some client and its extent only there are in one location, building or room
WAN (Wide Area of Network). Representing alliance of LAN, which is just its scope earn one location, for example story building or earn spread over in some location in all the world. Network this type of requiring to minimize one server to every LAN, and require to minimize two server having different location to forming it
Internet. Representing a group of spread over network in all the world which each other in circuit form one big network of computer. In this network some service which is often used by FTP, Enamel, Chat, Telnet, Conference, News Group and of Mailing List. Usually this network use protocol TCP / IP
Intranet. this Type Network represent alliance of LAN / WAN with Internet. If seen from its extent, hence this network is type of LAN / WAN giving service like service of Internet to its terminal of him. Difference of Intranet and Internet is Intranet only serving one just certain organization

Type Data In PHP

2009-09-01T21:05:00.000+07:00

PHP recognize three kinds of data type, that is :
1.Integer
2.Floating point number
3.String

Integer
Which the included in this data type is integer (do not wear comma). example of :
($a = 1234 // decimal)
($b = - 1234 // negative)
($c = 0123 // octal)
($d = 0x12 // hexadecimal)

Floating point number
Is referred as also fraction number. There are dot sign representing winnow between circular shares and fraction.
($a = 1.234 // ordinary form)
($b = 1.2e3 // exponential form)

Strings
($a = "this is data type of string")

Making Texture Wood Effect

2009-08-27T21:13:00.000+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make new image. In this fairish example of 200 x 200 pixels. By using Paint Bucket Tool, alter color of background become Brown (its code is 996633).
2. Choose menu Filter – Noise – Add Noise. At amount, fill by 60. Selecting Gaussian and say the word check at Monochromatic.

3. From menu Filter – Blur – Motion Blur. At box edit Angel, fill by 0 and Distance 614.
4. Choose menu Filter – Noise – Add Noise. At amount, fill with 8.
5. By using Elliptical Marquee Tool, make a ellipse at picture.
6. From Selecting menu Filter – Distort – Wave. Alter Wave setting.
7. To beautify wood effect, choose menu Filter – Sharpen – Sharpen Edges.

Making Drop Effect

2009-08-13T18:57:00.000+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make new image. In this fairish example of 250 x 125 pixels. Afterwards make a text. Example of beside use Arial font.
2. From menu Layer, choose Flatten Image. Of menu Image, choose Rotate Canvas – 90 CW.

3. From menu Filter, choose Stylize – Wind. Choose Method Blast and of Direction From Left the. If still less, do over step above.
4. From menu Image, choose Rotate Canvas – 90 CCW.
5. From menu Filter, choose Blur – Gaussian Blur. Change its become 2,0 pixels.
6. From menu Image, choose Adjust – Level. At Input levels, setting become 176, 1, and 221.
7. From menu Image, choose Adjust – Level. At Input levels, setting become 167, 1, and 235.
8. With Magic Wand Tool, choose at area which is white chromatic. Then from menu Select, choose Similar. Last choose Select – Inverse.
9. To beautify appearance You earn to use Eye Candy. Of menu Filter choose Eye Candy – Bevel Boss.

Rounded Pill Shaped Button

2009-08-04T10:34:00.001+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make new image. By using Elliptical Marquee Tool, make a fairish circle 64 x 64. To get the size measure of click 2x at icon. Last change Normal Style option become Fixed Style. Including value 64 at column of Width and 64pada column of Height.
2. Click of Icon which lay in undercarriage toolbar.

3. By using Rectangular Marquee Tool, make a box. Depress Ctrl + Shift + Alt and of drag the box up at right. This step will make copy of circle exist in left side.
4. By using Rectangular Marquee Tool, make a parallelogram like at picture beside.
5. Depress knob of Delete, so that will be got by appearance like picture beside.
6. By using Magic Wand Tool, choose at is middle of area with white chromatic. Of menu Selection, choose Save Selections. Fill pd part of Name and click OK. Return to standard mode with clicking icon
7. Content of Selection the with picture or color.
8. From menu Select, choose Modify - Contract. Fill by 4 pixels.
9. From menu Select, choose Feather. Fill by 2 pixels. Last of menu Select, choose Inverse.
10. Make a new layer. Change color foreground with white color. Click 2x icon. At Last at option, choose Foreground to Transparent.
11. By using Linear of Gradient Tool, interesting of line of is from the top of going to is middle.
12. Change color foreground with black color. By using Linear of Gradient Tool, interesting of line from under going to is middle.
13. Depress Ctrl + Alt + 4 to taking selection you which have keep is mentioned. Than menu Select, choose Inverse.
14. Depress knob of Delete.
15. From menu Select, choose Load Selections. Of menu Edit, choose Stroke. Fill at Width by 4 pixels.

Making Metal Panel

2009-07-29T16:43:00.000+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make new image. In this fairish example of 250 x 70 pixels. By Using (Rectangular Marquee Tool), make a box on the left. Fill with grayscale color.
2. From menu of Filter, choose Noise, Add Noise. At Amount, fill by 35. Saying the word check at Monochromatic.

3. From menu Edit, choose Transform – Scale. Drag up at right and terminate by depressing Enter.
4. From menu of Filter, choose Render – Lighting Effects.
5. Make a new layer. Change color at foreground become black color. Depress Ctrl + A. From menu Edit, choose Stroke. Fill at Width by 4 pixels and choose Inside for Location.
6. By using (Polygonal Lasso Tool), make a triangle.
7. Depress Ctrl + I to make color at to the is square of length become to turn white.
8. At Opacity option, choose 60 %. Way of other is by button 6.

Making Lines Effect

2009-07-27T10:23:00.001+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Open file to give effect.
2. Make new image of the size 1 x 2 pixels, giving upper color blackly and undercarriage whitely.

3. From menu Select, choose All.
4. From menu Edit, choose Pattern Define.
5. Return to image to give by mentioned effect.
6. Move to part of Channel and make new channel with clicking Create New Channel icon (its name usually Alpha1).
7. From menu Edit, choose Fill – Pattern.
8. From menu Select, choose Load Selection - Alpha1.
9. Move to part of Layer and choose layer to give effect.
10. From menu Images, choose Adjust – Level.
11. Content Input of Level by 0, 0,4 , 255. You can experiment by trying various level and color of image.

Making Text With Outline

2009-07-25T12:26:00.000+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make new file.
2. With Type Mask Tool, makes another text.

3. From menu Edit, choose Stroke. Give value in width, example : 3.
4. Now you can give color in text with Paint Bucket Tool.

Making Button 3 Dimension

2009-07-19T18:07:00.002+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make long file of the size is same wide and, for example 150 x 150 pixels. With tool marquee rectangle, make square.
2. At linear of gradient tool, choose color 1 bold and color second is darker. Then give color at square.

3. From menu of select, select all. Of menu of select choose modify - border.
4. You can give text at button.

Button With Bevel Effect

2009-07-12T17:00:00.000+07:00

Tutorial Photoshop

1. Make long file of the size is same wide and, for example 150 x 150 pixels.
2. By using tool marquee elliptical, make circle which lay in middle of image. Afterwards give radian color by using linear of gradient tool.

3. Like step 2, making smaller circle of the size and give color of gradient of adversative direction.
4. You can give text at button.

System Scheme

2009-07-08T21:25:00.002+07:00

Software is an result execute (instruction) able to walk at computer, functioning with true, can serve all possibility of data manipulation and input, instruction and also abilities to conduct an specific function. Kind of software :
• Language Software of programming
• Application data bases Software ( database)
• Application Software of design web
• Graphical Application Software
• Application Software of multimedia

Making of software relate to developer, is software a software able to be used to develop program. Algorithm is logical steps sequence is solving of the problem of which is compiled systematically and is logical. Logical is fundamental matter in logical algorithm, definition is acceptable or sensible of mind and also can be determined by correctness or is wrong of him. Algorithm of programming is logical steps sequence to build a compiled program systematically. Making of software based on algorithm method of programming identified with existence of problem, value early wanted result and problem, process marking of Software good is :
• Good device (systematic and methodological)
• Can execute truly by computer
• Functioning truly according to device
• Can serve all possibility of input
• Interesting appearance
• Friendly User
• Easy in development and conservancy
Learn program is getting wise to strategy resolving of systematic way and problem, methodology resolving of read problem, then in notation agreed on with. Learning program have the character of the understanding of problem, analysis and syntax. Learn language programming its meaning learn to wear language software programming of procedure syntax’s, and certain standard order, shape exploit specific instruction in each language software of programming certain. Procedural according to Indonesian dictionary mean activity phases to finish an method or activity do step for the shake of step by exact in solving an problem. Algorithm of is including process of procedural. At programming of procedural, program differentiated by between part of data with part of instruction. Part of instruction consist of sequence (instruction sequence) to be executed one per one alternately. Groove execution of instruction can change if (there are) any ramification of conditional.
Data on file in manipulation memory by instruction by sequence (named by this procedural), this of programming procedural. Language of programming high level like language of Cobol, Basic, Pascal, C language, Fortran and of is included in language category programming of procedural.
Logical condition notation algorithm it is so easy implementation to language software of programming certain. Order writing of algorithm consist of three part, is :

Program title (header) : Program title is part of used as by algorithm text is place define the name of program. Name of program wearied by may not is equal to name of procedure, function and there may not be any dissociation use space.
Declaration (dictionary) : Declaration is part of algorithm text as place to define the name of type (type), constantan (variable and const) and also function definition place (procedure and function) (procedure). Comment is the part of algorithm notation which will not execute by comment program, condition is to reside in between parenthesis, example {comment}. Comment can be placed wherever in algorithm notation because especial function of comment is to water down or explain process a algorithm notation.
Algorithm : Part of algorithm is part of containing core of instructions or denominating of action which have been defined. Text algorithm component in programming of procedural can in the form of instruction, sequence (case sequence), analyze or restating (loop). Every algorithm step read the from the top of downwards because executing program also walk the from the top of downwards so that sequence writing of algorithm determine step sequence execute program.

Diagram emit a stream of program is picture explaining sequence read of decision data, take of data, processing data and presentation of data process result. Diagram emit a stream of functioning to explain sequence do programming step and as program documentation which it is to facilitate the understanding of to program. Way of designing simple data bases :

Collecting all entity in application which you wish to make, then determine also data items (field) in entity.
Specifying keys of index. Index is sequence list assess in one field for the entity of made an index to field to be referred as with field lock or index field. One other of vital importance is to specify primary key. Primary key is important so central in compilation of tables, because : given by field is primary index, will have the character of uniquely (may not twin), key required to specify relationship between tables, specifying relationship between tables.

There is three relationship type between tables, that is :

One To One : is most relationship of simple, which every data at a its it relationship with a data also at other tables.
One To Many : is relationship which at most show, which a data at one particular tables have relationship with many data at other tables.
Many To Many : is relationship which must avoid in scheme of bases of data. If relationship happened of this, so have to look for by its alternative by making the tables of medium between tables.

Elementary Guidance Of Scheme System

2009-07-05T13:29:00.002+07:00

System of Analyst conduct gathering of boldness from all user and also management in order to obtaining especial materials to scheme of assigned system to it. Materials of them will be used as by scope criterion of system to make of. All mentioned materials collected in phase analyze system, referring to existence of requirement of management there will be its of new system which more fulfilling of requirement of information system to management of company (pertinent business). Hereinafter, pursuant to mentioned obtained it materials, a System Analyst will conduct scheme of new system. In course of scheme of system, hence a number of elementary guidance following can use of as jetty refuse to work (design the system). As for a number of such elementary guidance is :

Do system old ones will be developed, just or is enough to made moderate it. Sometimes a system felt do not too effective just because the system implementation which do not be carried out as according to available guidance. If this matter that happened, hence duty designer of system only conducting repair in just observation areas needed it, to control the system implementation to be more awake.
What is a number of step it is true really important ? And if yes, do have been done as well as possible ? Do not each important process step in a procedure management of information system. Its meaning, really of vital importance, so that want not want have to be done beforehand. But there is also steps which must be done, what otherwise, will make system become into peaces.
About of is existence of natural functions of duplication and redundancy. In an big organization, with division of very function detailed in various the organizational shares and function enable the existence of a number of unnecessary function, and also sometime is also conducted repeatedly, by parts of is other. Function which is redundant better be eliminated. Function medium which is duplication have to be specified to be done by such shares, as according to its.
New system shall work quackery, more complete and totally, cheaper and also compared to old system. This criterion represent elementary criterion in forming a system. But it is true still there must be an 'trade-off' among various mentioned criterion, if it is true perforce to that way. Sometimes a system do not improve speed process, is but assessed by more comprehensive is, in wrought, and cover all important information system aspect of pertinent company. Sometime, can be costlier also, because needing of mediums assist newly, costlier of old peripheral which have there is.
Released reports in new system have to really can fulfill requirement of management information. One of the reason of management to want the existence of new system is because them need more assisting reports in course of management of its work.
is needed by the existence of mediums watering down operation to system implementation. A system designed to fulfill requirement of management. If the system executed not precisely, hence target of the system development become do not reach, because management do not get result of which is craved it.

Pursuant to breakdown of above, hence we can conclude, that in course of designing new system have to fulfill by things following is.

We have to recognize real correctly, concerning requirement of information system required by management as well as possible. With understanding real correctly is mentioned, hence we can plan form, information frequency and content which must be performed.
In course of yielding craved information system, hence we have to can make efficient and effective device. For example by studying procedures which needn't, and have to be eliminated is.
Have to can create a really efficient system, by eliminating procedure which actually experience of duplication. New system have to be more either from old system, measured from speed factor yield report, comprehensive in combine all element in course of its data processing, and also have to be more be cheap (related to of growth of company in a future).

Structured Query Language

2009-06-30T10:41:00.001+07:00

SQL is language of query standard for the DBMS. SQL taken as standard since year 1992. Initially applied at big DBMS like Oracle and of Informix, by now at DBMS base on PC like and dBASE of Foxpro. SQL have the character of as high level language. User only mentioning result of which is wanted and optimize execution of query conducted by DBMS. Language of SQL divided in two big shares, that is : DDL (Data of Definition Language) and DML (Data of Manipulation Language). DDL define data bases structure, like making of data bases, making of its tables. Example : CREATE DATABASE and of CREATE TABLE. DML represent shares for the manipulation of data bases like : data access, abolition, addition and distorting of data. DML also can be used to conduct data computing. Example : INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE. SQL is relied on operations gathering of relational which have modify and repair.

Elementary structure of SQL consist of three clause, that is SELECT, FROM, and WHERE. SELECT have correspondence to with operation of projection at algebra relational. SELECT used to present attribute list at result of query. FROM have correspondence to with operation of Cartesian product at algebra relational. FROM used as by list an relationship table to process and in evaluation. WHERE have correspondence to with operation of selection at algebra relational. WHERE consist of predicate covering attribute in relationship which emerge at clause of FROM. Clause of WHERE used to determine criterion or predicate which must in fulfilling an relationship as result of query. This clause have the character of optionally, that is can use clause of WHERE or do not. Otherwise use clause of WHERE, hence query conducted by for all tuples at tables of which is mentioned at clause of FROM. Predicate at clause of WHERE can be combined with other relationship operator, like <, <=, >, >=, <> and logic operator, like AND, OR, NOT. Clause of WHERE can be used to conduct query with predicate which in form of an certain value range, that is by enhancing clause of BETWEEN. For attribute which is have type to of string can be conducted by an seeking with certain pattern, that is by exploiting character ‘%’ or ‘_’ (underscore) and enhance clause of LIKE at clause of WHERE ‘%’ for all substring ‘_’ for all appropriate character on course. Clause FROM used to determine tables to be made as source for the seeking of data In conducting query do not only limited to one tables, but is frequently required for relationship some tables at the same time. To present result of query pursuant to certain attribute sequence, hence can be conducted by enhancing clause ORDER BY, given by default is clause ORDER BY is sequence by menial (ASC), but to change to become sequence by is downhill, can be conducted by enhancing clause of DESC after name of attribute.
Functions of aggregation SQL :
• AVG : to get average value an attribute which is have type numeric.
• MIN : to get smallest value an attribute which is have type numeric.
• MAX : to get biggest value an attribute which is have type numeric.
• SUM : to get total value an attribute which is have type numeric.
• COUNT : to get value to the number of tuples.
Value NULL at one particular query can be treated peculiarly, that is earning is also treated for query to use expression of SQL. Manipulation data operations consist of addition of new tuple, distorting of attribute value, and abolition of tuple at one particular tables.
Command of SQL for the definition of data :
• CREATE : to form data bases, index or table.
• ALTER : to alter structure of table.
• DROP : to vanish data bases, index or table.
For the domain of data type cover as follows :
• Char(n) : type of String with length remain to equal to character n (if filled in character length less than n, hence the rest in content with space).
• Varchar(n) : type of String with flexible length, but maximal counted character n.
• Integer or int : integer type 2 byte.
• Smallint : type Integer 1 byte.
• Real, double, precision : type fraction of point floating decimal.
• Float(n) : type fraction of point floating decimal with digit n precision.
• Date : Type of is date of (composing 4 year digit of month, moon, and date).
• Time : time type (consisted of hour, minute, and second).
If an tables have index compositely (alliance), hence conducted by writing down all attribute at clause PRIMARY KEY.

Relational Model

2009-06-23T13:08:00.001+07:00

Is proposed by Codd in the year 1970, that Moment model is network and hierarchy. In this time model relational become elementary and dominant data model at pledge product of SMBD. Used wide of by various vendor like Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Access, SQL Server, FoxBase, Paradox. Database represent corps from one or more relationship. Each relationship represent the tables of which consist of column and line. Its advantage in comparison with model previous data is its data representation modestly and is easy to expressed in the form of query.

Especial construction of data representation in model of relational is relationship. Relationship consist of relationship scheme and example relationship. Relationship scheme representation lead column / field of tables. Example of relationship is tables. Scheme Relationship : determining the name of relationship, name of the each field (column / attribute) and domain from each field. Domain which is mould have the name of appropriate value corps and domain. Relationship scheme determine domain to every field. Domain at every field basically is type of field. Relationship by using SQL. SQL use word of is tables of to express relationship. Condition of which is specified at database scheme of relational and limit data able to be kept in database example of relational. Kinds of definition integrity :
• Definition Key
• Definition Lock Guest
• Definition Public
Query represent question concerning data while its answer consist of new relationship which load result. Language of query represent special language which used to write down query. SQL represent language of query commercial which most popular for the SMBD of relational. Model of ER very according to depict database design early owning high level. Conducted by of approach to yield database scheme of relational which is very come near ER design.

Design Database

2009-06-21T16:19:00.003+07:00

Process Of Design Database

Analysis Conditions

Comprehending and knowing data which must be kept in database, application what have to be woke up by above him, type operate for what will be used.

Conceptual Design Database

Collected information at phase analyze conditions used to develop high level data description.

Design Data Base Logic

Change scheme of E-R become database scheme of relational.

Repair Of Scheme

Analysis a group of relationship in database scheme of relational to identify problems which emerge and repairing it.

Design Data Base Physical

This step include making of index at some tables, grouping some tables or entangle design repeat which is substantial to database scheme some part.

Design Application and Security

All project of software entangling a DBMS have to consider application aspect which beyond database.

Type Attribute Of E-R Diagram

Simple attribute that is attribute which do not be elaborated to become attribute sub, or cannot be elaborated to become other attribute.
Composite attribute is attribute able to be elaborated to become some attribute sub.
Monovalent attribute addressed at attribute having at most one value to every data line.
Valuable attribute many is attribute able to contain more than one value, but having same type.
Value of Null used by when an entity don't have an value to an attribute. Null also designate that an attribute value there no or unknown.
Generation attribute is attribute which is its value is obtained from processing or can be degraded by other related tables or attribute.

Kind Of Key

Super Key : representing an gathering which consist of one or more attribute able to differentiate every data line uniquely in a tables.
Candidate Key : representing minimum attribute gathering able to differentiate every data line uniquely in a tables.
Primary Key : representing most unique key, briefer, a more regular made by reference. Primary Key can be selected from one of candidate key.

Step Making E-R Diagram

Identifying and specifying all gathering of entity to involve.
Determining attributes of key from each gathering of entity.
Identifying and specifying all relationship gathering among gathering of entity existing along with foreign key.
Determining degree of cardinalities to every relationship gathering.
Equipping gathering of entity relationship gathering and with attribute of descriptive (non key).

Gathering of entity which do not have attribute able to function as primary key. Gathering of entity weak contain entity which is its apparition depend on its existence in a relationship to other entity (strong entity).

Conduct Examination And Make Report Result Of Examination Of Program

2009-06-19T13:22:00.000+07:00

After comprehending elementary concept of and algorithm of programming, comprehending data structure, comprehending language programming of Delphi, can develop good application program of bases and calculation data at this items will study the problem of how to test a program and make its report. Examination a application program which have been woke up to become analyst duty in giving duty to Programmer, will but as programmer have to know also how mechanism examination of program do have succeeded or not yet. Examination of program can be conducted by per shares or entirety. Examination of program per shares can be conducted by at moment making of code, while examination as a whole conducted by after all shares finish.

Examination Program

In conducting program code, a programmer have to know problems faced and know also how its. Solving of the problem of program code usually implementation in algorithm depicted with diagram emit a stream of. Diagram emit a stream of solution a problems have to convert in language of programming so that yield a computer application program according to with problems faced. Examination process a application program that is by checking off functions which have been made with various input action or input expressing from problems.

Making Report

To give report to taskmaster in this case is analyst program, needed by report result of examination of program which have been made. Report format result of examination of program can be made by mentioning examinee indicator what have is matching with the one which wanted or not yet.

Examination of woke up program represent duty from a analyst or giving duty to programmer, will but a programmer have to know the way of examination of program. Steps in doing examination of program is the following :

Running program
Giving input as according to given criterion
Commanding program to process input
Checking result of processing of program
Comparing result of processing of program with processing of manual
Giving input any
Paying attention what conducted by program
Note each result which have been got
Check do program which have been made have is matching with the one which expected.
If there is still not according with accepted, repair of program code.

Making Application Program Bases Data With Delphi 7

2009-06-15T13:24:00.003+07:00

Databases
Databases represent data aggregate (table) which each other is interconnected which kept in electronic storage media (disk floppy, hard disk, CD, DVD, Flash Disk, PCMCIA) so that can be added, to be edited, to be kept and accessed easily and quickly. Each organization both for having the character of profit (company, hotel, house ill, shop self-service) and also is organizational is non profit (institution governmental, organization of region, school) requiring management of easy data and quickly. Management of data manually with bookkeeping of paper assumed to have many weakness especially if amount of data have very big so that needed by system development of management with data bases.

System Organizer Of Database
Management of data bases do not be conducted directly by user but by a special application program to managing data bases of is so-called with term (Database Management System) what more knowledgeable with DBMS. Functioning DBMS to conduct organized of data where data will be kept, to be edited, to be vanished and enhanced is and also accessed by user. DBMS also function to arrange usage with data which is there are in data bases system and protect data from accessing one who have no business. In data bases management at one particular computer needed an program (software application) capable to process bases data. There is many software able to be used to manage data bases, among others is :
Base on DOS : dBase, fox base, Fox Pros and others.
Base on Windows : MS Access, Visual of Fox base, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Mysql, Interbase and others.
Base on Linux : Mysql, Postgrest and others.
Initially to develop data bases program used language of programming by using data type such as those which explained by above that is can in the form of record. In this way programmer can make specific data bases file type so that do not standard. If happened change of requirement of program, hence program code have to be altered and need time old ones to make a change which in fact relative easy to. However language of programming now have provided better data bases facility that is in the form of support to data bases software which have there is so that data bases program can be woke up according to requirement.
Delphi 7 providing component of BDE, Data of Access, Data Control to connect program with data bases with program of Delphi 7. To make, to editing and vanishing databases (tables), Delphi provide Database facility of Desktop which supporting various data bases format like Paradox, dBase, Sybase Interbase, MS Acces etc.

Drawing Up Code Program

2009-06-14T16:27:00.001+07:00

After algorithm compiled better and correctness, hence step hereinafter is to chosen language of programming to be used to make application program. These days expanding many language of programming both for being based on text (Pascal, Basic, C, Fortran, Prologue, Cobol) and also base on graph (Borland Delphi, Visual C, C Developer) and others.

Delphi 7 representing language of programming high level very popular because mainstay, amenity, support and speed what is wide of to make application program both for modestly complex until. Idiosyncrasy of language of programming this among others that is as follows :

Ambulatory at Operating System of Microsoft Windows 9x, ME, 2000 and XP
Can be used to make calculation application program, media multi, program of interactive, data bases program and also program owning complex intelligence (complicated)
Easy to in its use because Delphi work by menu of user friendly
Delphi 7 representing language of programming visual base on mode graph so that to make program with appearance which drawing do not need long program code
Support programming orientation of object

component of Delphi :

1. component of pallet standard

component of pallet standard contain 16 component that is : Lable, Edit, Memo, Button, Checkbox, Radio button and others

2. component of pallet additional

component of pallet additional contain 26 component that is : Bitbtn, Speedbutton, Maskedit, Stringgrid, Image, Shape and others

3. component of pallet win32

component of palet additional contain 20 component that is : Tabcontrol, Pagecontrol, Richedit, Progressbar, Updown, Animate and others

4. component of pallet system

component of palet additional contain 20 component that is : Tabcontrol, Pagecontrol, Richedit, Progressbar, Updown, Animate and others

5. component of pallet data of access

component of pallet additional contain 6 component that is : Datasource and others

6. component of pallet data of control

component of pallet additional contain 15 component that is : DBGRID, DBEDIT, DBTEXT and others

7. component of pallet BDE

component of pallet additional contain 8 component that is : Table, SQL, Storeproc and others

8. component of pallet ADO

component of pallet additional contain 20 component that is : ADOCONNECTION, ADOTABLE, ADOQUERY and others.

Appearance menu programming of Delphi 7 consisting of Form as place to design appearance, Component as resource to be used in program, Object of Inspector as place to arrange component properties and of Code Editor as place to conduct writing of program code. Language programming of Delphi represent language of programming visual consisting of many component which is put down in component of pallet.

Comprehending Procedure Code Program

2009-06-12T18:45:00.001+07:00

Algorithm

Before making an program with language programming certain require to be made by program code procedure which is recognized by the name of algorithm. Algorithm represent the steps solving of a[n problem of which is compiled systematically and is logical. In fact algorithm do not only used in making of just computer application program, but also used many in everyday life. Algorithm earn analogy with procedure operating standard (SOP). In general, side doing process referred as by processor. Processor can in the form of human being, computer, other electronic appliance or robot. Processor conduct an process by executing or "executing" algorithm which formulate the process. Executing algorithm mean to do steps in Algorithm. Processor do process as according to passed to algorithm him.

Application Algorithm In Programming

Computer only one of the processor. So that can be executed by computer, algorithm have to be written in language notation of programming is so that named by program. Become program is technical implementation of written in algorithm is language of programming certain so that can be executed by computer. Learn program unlike learning language of programming. Learn program is going wise to troubleshooting methodologies and strategy, later pouring it in an easy to read certain notation and comprehended. Learn program have the character of the understanding of problem, and analysis of synthesis which is pointed at scheme of program. Learn language of programming mean to learn to wear an structure roles, instructions, operation procedures compiler, and exploit the instructions to make written program only in that just language which is pointed at program code or as coder.

Structure Data

To conduct program code have to know by data what involving or will wear in program. Data have to be defined better and real correct so that made program function better. Election of less precise data type will cause program walk unfavorable or even experience of failure of alias do not function such as those which wanted. In programming of data kept in the form of variable representing data which is its value can fluctuate. Variable value depend on included input. In programming of declaration variable structure have to with data type matching with data to be used. For example data of[is Name of student earn declaration with data type of string. Long data of pallet a trilateral earn declaration with data type or integer of real.

Operation Structure Data Array 1 Dimension

2009-06-11T14:06:00.000+07:00

During the time we are only studying single data structure of its meaning of data input to be processed by output data and program as result of program process have the character of single (do not team). Though problems met by in field many data type which actually is identified precisely if kept with changer (variable) with data structure of array. Array is corps data which of a kind with the each its member element owning a number of index unique element.

Seeking Of Data (Searching)

Searching an or data of searching at a group of data which of a kind is an process which is often met by field. Principal of activity of method of searching this shall be as follows : comparing to start from data (first index) till data (last index) at changer of the array with searched data, is same if some mean process seeking of success or meet, but if until is same to last data nothing that mean seeking process fail or do not be found by such data.

Sequence Data (Sorting)

Other Process which do not less important and is often met by field is process sort data in an variable of array (in this case array 1 dimension). Data sequence there is two kinds of namely massage to go up (massage and ascending) go down (descending). In massage go up, data in array will be arranged to repeat with element which is its smallest value will be placed on course number of index first and element with biggest value will be placed on course number of index last. Principle of method at massage go down / descending : started from first data (element of array at number of index first) of array 1 dimension above as directive, compared to last of data both (element of array at number of index second), if data both  first data, hence both the data commuted for so that both data becoming first data and first data become both data, hereinafter compared to first data again with third data (element of array at number of index third), if third data  first data hence both commuted for, that way further till last data (element of array at number of index last) compared to of first data. Comparison continued with both data as its directive, and compared to third data and so on till last data. That way recurring algorithm continue till data of n – 1 (where n is the amount of element of array entirely).

Array is data structure which consist of a group of data which of a kind. Array there is which is 1 dimension and 2 dimension. One of the method of sorting easy for implementation is method of bubble sort modified.

Algorithm And Diagram Emit A Stream Of For The Process Of Repetition

2009-06-07T16:58:00.001+07:00

Loop is term without ceremony to express all structure type conduct natural of repetition (iteration) that is, every structure causing program repeatedly execute an block code. Wearing loop is one of the aspect of programming which most complex in language with certain order. Knowing way of and when each that loop is wearied by very is determining of making high software with quality.

Kinds of loop is also differentiated by location where examination that perfection is executed. Examination can be executed by in early, final or middle of loop. This characteristic advise that do at least that loop is executed once. If examination conducted by in early, hence bodywork of loop needn't execute. If loop tested by in is final, organ of loop have to execute at least one times. If loop tested in the middle of, hence part of loop preceding part of examinee, executed at least once. But part of loop after, that is catching up shares which have been tested needn't execute is at all.

Loop which commonly use pursuant to its examination situation there is three kinds of: loop with examination in early, in final and in the middle. Of vital importance in order to be known the way of and when an type of loop that is wearied, because this is matter very is determining of making of software what is high with quality.

Trouble Shooting TCP / IP

2009-06-06T13:46:00.000+07:00

Taking example computer of Linux you is him must be continued to network, but why do not walked. How to look for wrong soybean cake of him, at the same time correct ?

First, please conceive that if you send package of network, medley the way shall be as follows :

Application
Protocol TCP / IP
Driver Kernel
Card Network
Cable of Network
Other Computer (Gateway)
Internet

In a word, algorithm of trouble shooting is :

TEST of DEVICE. If correctness hop to TEST of TCP / IP. If wrong SET last DEVICE try again. If still wrong also, check CARD and of DRIVER kernel of Linux your
TEST of TCP / IP. If correctness hop to TEST of PING, if wrong to SETTING TCP / last IP try again
TEST PING-GATEWAY. If correctness hop to TEST of PING, if wrong CHECK CABLE
TEST PING-INTERNET. If correctness yes have, finished. If is wrong, set last routing try again. Extension of Internet your surely is breaking

Concept Algorithm And Diagram A Stream Of Emit

2009-06-04T13:32:00.004+07:00

In course of software engineering can wear by some approach model. One of the model engineer software which is oldest (conventional) and have popular is model of sequential linear which is often referred as with “classic life cycle” or “waterfall model”. Earliest phase at process of software engineering with approach of model this linear sequential is analysis step. Efficacy at phase third of code (implementation) very determined by efficacy at step analyze and design. In conducted analysis phase among others is to conduct requirement survey for example : identifying and determining requirement of data. Last at phase of design conducted by remodeling of data stream steps and or program stream, till including determination of data type, data structure, input interface of output and determination of language programming wearied. For the scope of simple work of step analyze and design this can be conducted with approach of algorithm of programming and diagram emit a stream of data (program).

Algorithm Concept

Algorithm in public context is an step medley written in work is notation of descriptive logical for attainment an solution or to go to an specific purpose. Meanwhile the so called with program in general, is instruction corps or compiled command in such a manner so that have correct natural existence sequence to finish an problem. Become algorithm of programming can be explained as instruction medley or compiled command in such a manner so that have correct natural existence sequence and have to obey to finishing an problem.

Diagram A Stream Of Emit (Flow Chart)

Meanwhile to conception about diagram emit a stream of, much the same to with algorithm concept, just only here its writing more made moderate namely do not descriptive with sentences long but by wearing function symbols and operator. As for symbols which is often used in depiction of diagram emit a stream of shall be as follows.

There are some used operator namely operator of arithmetic and relationship operator (gathering). Diagram emit a stream of can represent representation of data stream or program stream (instruction medley). But usually an diagram picture emit a stream of to represent its his representation, its meaning an diagram emit a stream of can be viewed as by diagram data stream at the same time as instructions flow chart program. An diagram emit a stream of which is instruction stream representation data and program hence can be made as model or design of your software (program).

Process Ramification

Algorithm and diagram emit a stream of which have been studied by above is to using successive data structure, its meaning from first step up to last step there no ramification process (decision making), choice and or repetition. Meanwhile for the process of ramification, used if in its process, program stream medley obliged to jump or go to an certain step which is not successive, this matter often is also referred as with ramification. Process this ramification can on condition that (conditional ramification) and or do not (ramification is not conditional).

Conducting Scheme Of Gathering Data

2009-06-01T22:09:00.002+07:00

Stack

One of the concept which is very good for in computer science is one data structure form of is so-called heap (stack). Simply, heap can be interpreted as a corps data which impressing there is put down data above data which is other. One matter which important to remember that in stack can add and take pass back part is same, so-called as tip of heap (of top stack). Stack represent an list having the nature of “entering is last of first exit (out first in last – LIFO).

Queue

Queue represent one data structure type which is often used for the simulation of situation of real world. Queue is an data aggregate of is which addition of element only can be conducted at one particular back part (referred as with side behind or rear), and abolition (intake of element) to pass other back part (referred as with next side or front). Used term if someone enter in a queue is Enqueue. While term which is often wearied by if someone go out from queue is Dequeue. Heap use principle “enter lastly of first exit” or LIFO (Last In First Out), hence at principal queue the used is“ entering is first of exit first” or FIFO (First In First Out). Equally, sequence element exit will is equal to sequence entry.

Tree

Tree is linear data structure form do not having nature and special marking. This structure is usually used to depicting relation having the character of hierarchical between element existing. Simplest example of which we can see in everyday life, specially in family is family ancestry. Tree like picture under referred as with linear of chart where every element can have more than two branch. Simply tree can be defined as element corps which one of the its element is referred as with root and remains other element (so called node) broken to become a number of becoming gathering which each other do not correlate one another, so-called with sub tree, or is also referred as with branch. If us see in each sub tree, hence this is sub tree also have root and its it him each. Besides level, is also recognized by term degree of degree from an node. Degree of an node expressed as to the number of child or born of node. Leaf also is often referred as with external node external of node. So that other node, except root, also is often referred as with node in is internal of node. High deepness or height (depth) from an tree is maximum level of node in the tree lessened by 1. Ancestor an node is all located node in one band with the node of root until node evaluated. Forest is corps a number of tree which do not each other correlating.

Graph

Graph can be conceived as corps of object activity or, for example, town bus route from one terminal to other terminal, route journey of post package at the time of he accompany letter from one house to other house, and other example of is which can be presented by as a graph. Both example of above representing classic example of with theory graph which more knowledgeable with salesman traveling of problem or problem path shortest, which is on its principle look for short band from all place which must fulfill, so that can economize time, energy, and also expense. Graph in general can be defined as dot corps or nodes of vertices and line or arcs edges. Because line always early with an dot and terminated at other dot, hence line can be written down as couple between two dot.

Data structure at algorithm of programming there is some method, that is : stack, queue, tree, graph. Election used method very hinging with data, good in gathering process and also depository its.

Understanding Of Gathering Procedure Data / Mapping Data

2009-05-31T15:08:00.003+07:00

Congeniality Algorithm

View concerning computer as a machine which is “bright” is wrong assumption, because computer only an appliance given with refer to command by human being so that can finish problems quickly is, accurate, even repeat without recognizing fatigue and tire of. A group of instruction which representing the solving of that problem is named by program. So that program can be executed by computer, the program have to be written in an language understood by computer. Language computer which is used in writing program named language of programming systematic steps sequence to finish a problem named by algorithm. Become algorithm is logical sequence of decision making for the troubleshooting of. Logical word represent keyword. The steps the have to be logical, this means its truth value have to earn to be determined, correctness or is wrong. Steps which do not correctness can give result of wrong.

Congeniality Programming

Computer only one of the processing so that can be executed by computer, algorithm have to be written in language notation programming is so that named by program. Become program is written in algorithm implementation or materialization is language certain programming so that can be executed by computer. Program written in one of the language of programming and activity making program referred as by programming. People writing program referred as by programmer. Every step in program referred as by instruction or statement. Become, program lapped over of steps instruction. When an instruction executed, hence operations which chime in with the instruction done by computer.

Mechanism Execution of Algorithm by Processing

Marginally computer of lapped over to the four component especial : input apparatus, output apparatus, unit of processing especial and memory unit of processing especial (Central Processing Unit – CPU) is brain” computer, functioning do operations elementary like comparison operation, operate for calculation, operation reading and operation write. Memory is component which functioning or save. Kept in memory is program (containing operations to be done by CPU) and information or data (something that processed by operations). Input apparatus or output (I / O devices) is appliance including program or data into memory, and used by appliance is computer to communicate result its activity. Apparatus input example of is : keyboard, mouse, disk and scanner. Appliance output example of is : monitor, printer, disk and plotter.

Language of Programming

In this time we earn to communicate with computer by using language which we understand. This matter earn us conduct because all expert have succeeded to make dictionary of is so called with language of programming to translate language which we make to become machine language, this dictionary is referred as with Compiler. Process translating of human being language to machine language referred as with compilers.

Elementary Structure Algorithm

Algorithm contain steps of is solving of an problem. The steps can in the form of action sequence, election action and repetition of action. Third of the step type form construction an algorithm. Become, a algorithm can be woke up from 3 elementary structure, that is :

Sequence

A sequence consist of one or more instruction. Every instruction done alternately as according to its writing sequence. Instruction sequence determine situation of is end of an algorithm. When its sequence is altered, hence its end result possible also will change.

Selection

A instruction done by if fulfilled certain condition.

Repetition

One of the excess of computer is its ability to conduct is same work repeatedly without recognizing fatigue. Repetition structure referred as by under layer (loop), and part of repeated algorithm named by under layer body (loop body).

Variable

Variable represent an name of implying location computer memory able to be used for save of value, where its contents earn changes. Variable can show as abstraction of location. Result of evaluation of variable is value of that variable. Value from an variable can be altered with statement assignment. A statement assignment consist of a variable on the left and an expression side its right.

Constantan

Variable having value which in character cannot be altered, value determined at the time of definition.

Type Data

When an declaration variable, hence its type at the same time determined. Type from an variable express :

Type value able to be kept in memory location for variable, (limiting values gathering able to have by the variable).
Type operation able to be conducted to variable pertinent.

Turbo Pascal

2009-05-30T21:14:00.004+07:00

Operator at is Turbo Pascal there are all kinds of, for example mathematics operator, relationship operator and operator of Boolean. operator mathematical of operator of Boolean still divided again become operator of And, operator of Or, operator of XOR and NOT operator.

Operator Boolean
Operator Boolean useful to operate natural existence “and”, “not”, ”or” and “ or exclusive”. operator for operation this among others is AND ( operation “and”), OR (OPERASI “or”, XOR (operation “or is exclusive”) and NOT (operation “not”).

Operator AND
Operator AND used to compare two element, its result will be real correct if both correctness. When given real correct logic symbol 1 and given by wrong logic of symbol 0.

Operator OR
Operator OR used to compare two element, its result will be real correct if one of the or both correctness. When logic given by real correct of symbol 1 and given by wrong logic of symbol 0.

Operator XOR
Operator XOR used to compare two element, its result will be real correct if real correct one of them. When real correct logic given by of symbol 1 and given by wrong logic of symbol 0.

Operator NOT
Not only entangling a operand.

IF Statement
IF Statement have all kinds of form, that is :
Simple IF Statement
Form simple IF statement shall be as follows :
IF of is condition of THEN statement
At this form of, statement will only be run by if condition valuable of TRUE.

IF ELSE Statement
Form IF ELSE is to following :
IF of is condition of THEN
Statement_1
ELSE
Statement_2;
At this form of if pernyataan1 do not fulfilled hence will run second statement.

Statement of IF have a nest
Statement of IF have a nest is where at IF statement pregnant of IF statement the other. An guidance to comprehending statement of IF ELSE shall be as follows :
1.Correct ELSE IF with couple above him, located in one block
2.If located IF just prior to ELSE located in BEGIN END, IF told is not located in one block which is same.

CASE Statement
CASE Statement represent alternative of IF statement to problem of multiple choicely. At certain problem of CASE more is giving of clarity than IF. But all problem which earn to be handled by CASE can handle by IF.

FOR Statement
FOR Statement used to conduct repetition which is its amount have been known previously. Following will be explained kinds of form of FOR :
FOR TO (referred as also positive restating)
Restating of FOR TO represent restating with numerator from small to big and its for its for is to following :
FOR Variable := first_value TO last_value DO statement
With first_value <= last_value FOR DOWNTO (referred as also negative restating) Restating of FOR DOWNTO represent restating with numerator from big to small and its for shall be as follows : FOR variable := first_value DOWNTO last_value DO statement With first_value => last_value

FOR have a nest
Restating form have a nest this is restating residing in the other restating. deeper restating will be processed beforehand until finished, then restating which more external just done.

While Statement
While Statement ordinary While to conduct repetition which is its amount unknown in front of or after digit do not equal to 1 or – 1, so that statement will to continuing during valuable condition of True form While statement :
WHILE condition DO statement

Repeat...Until Statement
Repeat...Until used to repeat (repeat statement) until of is condition of selected in Until do not fulfilled. Equation with while is wearied to handle repetition which is its not sure amount.

Design And Scheme Software Of Language Programming

2009-05-29T14:10:00.006+07:00

Programming Procedural

Learn program unlike learning language programming. Learn its meaning program get wise to strategy troubleshooting, resolving systematic way and methodologies problem of, then writing down it in notation agreed on with. Learning program have the character of the understanding of problem, and analysis of synthesis. Learn language programming of its meaning learn wearing language software of programming certain, standard form, syntax order, and procedure exploit specific instruction in each language software of programming certain.

Procedural according to Indonesian dictionary mean phases activity to finish an step method or activity for the shake of step by exact in solving an problem. Algorithm is steps sequence of is solving of problem, meaning algorithm of is including process of procedural. At programming of procedural, program differentiated by between shares data with part of instruction. Part of instruction consist of sequence (instruction sequence) to be executed one per one successively. Groove execution of instruction can change if (there are) any tapping of conditional. On file data in manipulation memory by instruction by sorting (procedural), matter this is which is named by programming of procedural. Language of programming high level like Cobol, Basic, Pascal, C Language and of Fortran included in language category programming of procedural.

Design and Device of Software Pascal
Writing of algorithm notation of programming do not know form standard, so that programmer earn freely write notation its algorithm, however algorithm notation condition is logical, that is easy to implementation to language software of programming certain. It is better programmer plan beforehand language software of programming to wear so that at the time of making algorithm notation of programming direct have correspondent with standard form of programming listing of software wearied.
This module will study about device and design at language software of programming high level of Pascal, more special again software the used is Turbo Pascal 7.0 production company of Borland Inc. written to be Notation Algorithm to be accommodated with syntax from is Turbo Pascal so that is easier implementation become program. Algorithm notation which relate to is Turbo Pascal have certain order, accommodating to form of listing Pascal Language. Order writing of algorithm consist of three shares, that is as following :
1.Title program (header)
2.Declaration (dictionary)
3.Algorithm
Comment is the part of algorithm notation which will not execute by program, comment condition is to reside in between bog parenthesis, example : { comment }. Comment can be placed wherever in algorithm notation because function especial of comment is to water down or explain process a algorithm notation. Program title (header) is part of algorithm text used as by is place define the name of program. Name of program wearied may not is equal to name of procedure, function and there may not be any dissociation use space. Order writing of program title algorithm is :
Program of Name_Program;
Usage of under line sign (_) at name of program is not an compulsion, just for changing space, or can is also written Nameprogram. Sign Semicolon (;) terminating every statement algorithm, this correspond to Pascal syntax which using semicolon sign in each is final instruction.
At part of declaration recognized by some data type provided by Pascal, for example integer, byte, word, real, single, double, char, and string of boolean. Part of or algorithm of description reside in after part of declaration. Part of algorithm is part of containing core of instructions or denominating of action which have been defined. Text component algorithm in programming of procedural can in the form of instruction, sequence, case analysis or restating (loop). Each algorithm step read the from the top of downwards because executing program also walk the from the top of downwards so that writing sequence algorithm notation determine step sequence execute program.

Algorithm and of Programming

2009-05-27T15:29:00.005+07:00

Software or Program
Software is often referred as also program is an result execute (instruction) able to walk at computer, functioning truly, ready to serve all possibility input, data manipulation and instruction and also ability to conduct an specific function. Each software unlike is other, having separate marking and can be used to do special function. Type example of software for example language software programming, databases application software (database), software application of design web, graphical application software, application software multimedia and others.

Software made by programmer which can individual and also team. Making of software relate to software developer, that is a software able to be used to developing program. Considering to the number of type of software existing hence developer software also all kinds of its type, election type of software developer what will be used to developing a program depended from software like what which is wanted by programmer and how device and design its program. Design and program device made to facilitate programmer do steps in programming because in program device have been decanted functions any kind of able to be conducted, process sequence, data manipulation and processing. Making of program device have to relate at algorithm method of programming so that moment device implementation become or program of software becoming is easier.

Definition Algorithm
Algorithm is logical steps sequence is solving of problem compiled systematically and is logical. Logical is matter which is fundamental in algorithm, logical meaning is sensible or can be accepted by mind and also can be determined by correctness or is wrong of him. Algorithm not merely term in the world of computer, but all process troubleshooting with systematic steps representing algorithm, good that the problem of everyday life and or other problem which do not relate to computer world. algorithm of programming is logical steps sequence to developing a compiled program systematically. Steps in developing a interconnected program with wanted by program device and design is programmer. Making of software based on algorithm method of programming identified with existence of problem, assess early problem, process and result of which is wanted.

Usage of algorithm in programming give amenity to programmer in the case of algorithm notation implementation becoming software use certain developer software, and also can yield good software. Marking of software good is :

Good device (systematic and methodological)
Can execute truly by computer
Function truly according to device
Can serve all possibility of input
interesting Appearance
User friendly
Easy to in development and conservancy

Software is often referred as also program is an result execute able to be run by at computer, functioning truly, ready to serve all possibility of input, data manipulation and instruction and also abilities to conducting an specific function. Software made by programmer which can be individual and also team. Making of software relate to developer software, that is a software able to be used to develop program. Algorithm is logical steps sequence is solving of problem compiled systematically and is logical. Algorithm of programming is logical steps sequence to develop a compiled program systematically. Steps in developing a program relate to and design
wanted by program device is programmer. Each process done at each step represent a notation algorithm. This algorithm notations have to be done successively and algorithm notation also have to have the character of logical so that can implementation use certain developer software.

Diagnosing And Fixing Motherboard Faults

2009-05-26T18:01:00.003+07:00

When a PC fails or exhibits intermittent faults, the first resort is often to send for a specialist engineer. Yet there is a lot that PC support staff with the right level of competence and understanding can do to filter out easily fixed problems, leaving only those that absolutely require the services of a professional repair-shop. Failure of a socket part is one thing, but replacing a surface mounted component normally demands specialist equipment.

Record-Keeping
When you’re diagnosing faults, it is important to keep a record of what you have done. If nothing else, this will help a specialist later on if you are not able to fix the system yourself. In addition, it is vital to know what was happening when the problem occurred, particularly with intermittent faults. As long as the PC is still in its case, static safety shouldn’t be a problem, but ideally you should ground yourself with a static strap attached to the wrist and earthed to the workbench (which itself should be earthed). Failure to take the necessary precautions can cause intermittent faults and / or damage components on the motherboard.

Starting Work
Does the PC do anything at all or is it dead? If you have a dead PC, the first thing to check is obviously the power supply. Is the fan running? If it is, is the power connection to the motherboard OK ? Most PSU connect to he motherboard with two connectors, with the black cables meeting in the middle. It’s a good idea to keep a spare power supply handy, as it’s not unusual for them to burn out completely or for the fan to fail. Removing the case from a power supply normally involves removing four small screws to expose the circuit board. There’s nothing on the board that you can fix, but it’s worth looking at the board in order to check for obvious signs of damage such as a blown fuse or some grunge leaking from the large cylindrical capacitors. Never replace a blown fuse on a power supply. If the fuse blows, it has probably blown for a good reason (such as one of the PSU components burning out). Replacing the fuse is dangerous, and can also damage components on the PC’s motherboard. Fit a new power supply instead – they don’t cost more than around US$30. Assuming the power supply checks out, try a different monitor. Maybe the PC is working fine, but the monitor is broken. If this turns out to be the case, you should not attempt to fix the monitor yourself. Taking the case off a monitor exposes you to voltages that can kill, and it’s best left to a specialist who knows which areas are safe to touch. Remember that, because of the high capacitance of a monitor, those lethal voltages can exist even if the monitor has been turned off for many hours. The next step is to remove all the expansion cards and disconnect the hard and floppy drives to see if they are holding the power rails down. (With EISA systems, make a note of which boards were in which slots to avoid the need to rebuild the system configuration later.) If the system starts to boot without the drives attached, re-attach them one by one until it no longer boots, to see which is the problem. Known-good cables should also be tried with the drives, while the reset and other switches should be disconnected, in case they are causing problems. Leave the speaker connected - those beeps might be your only clue as to where the fault lies.

Physical Checks
A visual check of the motherboard should look for discolored components and other obvious signs of overheating. Socket components should be carefully pressed down to make sure they are securely seated - this is particularly important if the system has failed after being moved. Ensure too that they do not have bent legs : these can cause intermittent failures if they make contact to begin with but go open circuit as the system warms up. After this, the processor and memory can be swapped for known-good equivalents, ensuring that the processor clock speed jumpers are correctly set and that the memory is the correct speed and compatible with the board. Wrongly setting the BIOS jumpers can in some case swipe a Flash EPROM, so the BIOS should be verified by swapping it with a known-good chip. If the BIOS is OK, the system will normally beep when it completes its power-on self test (POST). Most systems also have a range of other recognizable beep codes to report certain faults. A list of these should be supplied in the motherboard or system manual and is essential for fault finding. A high-impedance oscilloscope can be used to check that the clock is working, by probing onto the underside of the crystal or the capacitors around it. It should typically be producing a frequency in the region of 14MHz which is then multiplied up by other circuitry to the PC’s bus frequency. If the board fails to beep at all, and the processor and BIOS have been replaced and verified, it may mean that the processor cannot access the BIOS. In this case, a major fault such as a broken PCB track or a loose SMT component should be suspected, and the board will need specialist analysis and repair.

Subsystem Faults
If the POST beep is present and the disk access light is active but nothing appears on the screen, a video fault is possible. (Incidentally, if the floppy disk light ever remains permanently active after you’ve put the machine back together, this is a sure sign that you’ve plugged in the floppy drive connector the wrong way round.) If the screen is indeed blank, the on-board video should be disabled and a known-good video card installed instead. (Again, keep a known-good video card in your spares box. They don’t cost more than $50, and it saves having to take someone else’s machine apart to borrow their video card.) The video subsystem comes in two parts: the controller generates the digital image, and the DAC (digital to analogue converter) turns this into the analogue signal understood by the monitor. If there are sync signals present but no output, the DAC may have failed. If there is no sync signal a controller problem is more likely. A blown DAC will get hot, but testing for this needs caution as failed chips can be hot enough to burn flesh. In any case, some modern video chip sets combine the DAC and controller, making faultfinding harder. A DPMS power-managed monitor could be useful as it will usually indicate, either with an on-screen message or by varying the color or blink pattern of the power LED, whether it is receiving sync signals or not.

Keyboard Fuse
A common problem is the keyboard fuse, which often blows if a keyboard is plugged in or removed when the PC is running. The keyboard fuse is usually a sub miniature surface-mounted component that is not immediately recognizable as such. Look for something labeled F1 or F2 and located near the keyboard connector (on the motherboard, not in the PC). The best way to test it is with a millimeter or with a spare keyboard - if the keyboard lights flash as the system powers on, the fuse is OK. As always, don’t replace the fuse unless you have a pretty good idea of why it blew in the first place. The whole idea of the fuse blowing is to protect the other components. Replacing it will expose the rest of the motherboard to the same fault again, unless you fix it first (eg, by replacing the keyboard or remembering not to plug it in while the PC is running).

Send A Postcard
A useful diagnostic tool is a POST card, though good versions are hard to come by and you should be wary of paying too much for one that you have not had a chance to evaluate. PCs send their POST results out on a particular I/O port - most use port 80, while Compaq’s may use port 84 and IBM’s use 300. The POST card, which plugs into the ISA bus, decodes these signals and displays them either on a set of Leeds or a seven-segment numeric display. A list of POST codes is needed, and can be used to identify the results being produced by the self-test routine. If the POST card shows FF, an oscilloscope can be used to see if the processor is accessing the BIOS, looking for clock signals, the address and data strobes on the CPU, and for resets.

No Clock
Real-time clock (RTC) failure can be fixed fairly simply, by replacing the battery or, if it is a combined clock / battery unit, by replacing the whole module. However, if this would require soldering, it should not be attempted : motherboards contain heavy ground planes that require a lot of heat to be applied very quickly to avoid damage. If this heat is applied too slowly, the longer exposure to it can burn the board. It is also important to replace the battery with the correct type. Some PC use non-rechargeable Lithium cells and others rechargeable NiCad’s, and if the former is substituted for the latter an explosion could result. Some clock modules allow you to simply connect a standard household battery or two (eg, as used in a Walkman) to override the exhausted built-in battery. However, you normally need to set a jumper before doing this. If you are in any doubt, don’t do it.

Intermittent Faults
Intermittent faults are the hardest to detect. If the system runs for a while but then halts, check the CPU fan. If this has failed the CPU will overheat until its thermal cut-out shuts it down. Although this cut-out protects the chip to some extent, continued attempts to use the system in this state may cause thermal damage to the processor chip. Unfortunately, CPU fans seem to burn out with alarming regularity. Be sure to keep one or two in your spares box, along with some of that special heat-conducting glue to fix them to the CPU chip itself. Faulty joints or components can also make the system hang as it warms up and causes them to expand and go open-circuit, but testing for this requires a temperature chamber and is a specialist job. It is possible to diagnose some faults of this kind by bending the board but this is highly inadvisable as it can cause more problems by breaking components, joints and tracks. For a long life the board should be properly supported and kept well cooled. A motherboard that boots and then hangs may have cache problems, in which case the level 1 and 2 cache should be disabled in the BIOS. Cache problems show more often when booting from the floppy drive. If the problem goes away, the caches can then be re-enabled one at a time to see where the fault lies. Alternatively, if the system will not boot from floppy, this can be a sign of component failure or a dry joint on the motherboard. If the cache is OK, them an memory needs to be tested with diagnostic software, as a memory parity error will cause the system to hang, usually with a warning message. You also need to check that the memory fitted matches the specifications laid down by the board or system manufacturer and is compatible. Adding a wait state in the CMOS set-up may alleviate a memory timing problem. Check also whether the motherboard supports or requires parity memory, and whether this is indeed fitted. Once the base system is working, the expansion cards can be put back one at a time. However, before doing this the test and diagnosis software should be run to determine the free I/O space and resources on the PC. These programs will not find problems such as timing errors but can prove base system functionality. Loop back connectors for the serial and parallel ports are another essential diagnostic tool needed here. If built-in ports or controllers are faulty it may be possible to disable them and fit a card instead

Making Album Photograph With Dreamweaver MX

2009-05-25T22:47:00.004+07:00

Album photograph usually met many at personal sites and organizational sites. Album photo contain corps photograph or good picture of picture in format .jpg and .gif. The steps making album photograph with dreamweaver MX is :

1. Prepare picture or photo which will be presented, and include into one folder / directory
2. Open Dreamweaver MX, and make new file by choosing File menu > New
3. Choose menu of Commands > Create Web Photo of Album
4. Will come up input form entitling Create Web Photo Album, then complete content all input
Boldness :

Photo Album of Title filled with our photo album title Subheading Info filled with brief boldness regarding photo album
Source Images Folder, depress knob of Browse and searching of folder our place our photo save (step 1)
Destination Folder, depress Browse and point at folder / directory for save photograph our album
Thumbnail Size, choose size measure of thumbnail
Columns, fill with amount of presented photo every line

Depress knob O.K. after all form loaded as according to desire of us
5. Afterward, automatically Dreamweaver will open Program of Fireworks MX which will make thumbnail to every our picture or photo
6. If all photo have been made its his hence will be presented by message of Album of created. Depress O.K. and photo album we have
7. Now see in folder / our place directory of mentioned save file have been formed by some and file of folder new. File searching of index.htm and open in Internet Explorer

IP Counter

2009-05-24T12:27:00.008+07:00

To noting visitor by using Address IP. As usual for first step which we make is to make name database at Mysql which we later will us as storage media. Table Scrip at database shall be as follows.

CREATE TABLE `ipcounter` (

`id` int(21) NOT NULL auto_increment,

`ip` varchar(250) default NULL,

`hits` int(250) NOT NULL default '0',

PRIMARY KEY (`id`)

) ENGINE=MyISAM ;

After success making IP counter, step hereinafter is to make connection database used to connect web with database, so that application which we make can update finely. Following is PHP connection scrip with Mysql. (keep by the name of config.php)

$hostname = “hostname”;

$username = “username”;

$password = “password”;

$database = “name database”;

$connect = mysql_connect ($hostname, $username, $password) or die

(“connection database wrong”);

mysql_select_db ($database, $connect) or die (“database not found”);

After making connection scrip with database of Mysql do step here in after is making index page. This page is we us as appearance of IP and visit from the visitor. For example your IP is 127.0.01 have visited this site web counted 17 times. Following scrip used to present data of IP and visit amount. (keep by the name of index.php)

Design Database

2009-05-23T21:35:00.010+07:00

Process of design database :

Analysis conditions

Comprehending and knowing data which must be kept in database, application what have to be woke up by above him, type operate for what will be used

Conceptual design data base
- collected information at phase analyze conditions used to develop high level data description
- This step is often conducted by using model of E-R
- Its Target is to create simple picture about data which too like with idea of consumer / user
Design data base logic
- Change scheme of E-R become database scheme of relational
- Its target is to obtain conceptual scheme at data model of relational which is often named by logic scheme
Repair of scheme

Analysis a group of relationship in database scheme of relational to identify problems which emerge and improve it

Design database physical

This step include making of index at some tables, grouping some tables or entangle design repeat which is substantial to database scheme some part

Design application and security

All project of software entangling a DBMS have to consider application aspect which beyond database

Entity-Relationship (E-R)

Data model of Entity-Relationship (E-R) consist of a group of objects, so called with relation and entity that happened among objects
Data model of E-R divided to become three elementary concept, that is : gathering of entity, gathering of relationship, and attribute

Entity and gathering of entity set

An entity represent an individual or elementary object which deputize its something tangible of him and can be differentiated from other objects
An entity have a group of nature of and assess from some nature of the is unique able to identify the entity

Gathering of entity

A group of entity having is same type and stay in is same scope form an gathering of entity
For example, a group of one who become student at one particular college, can be defined as gathering of entity student. So that can be said that by entity show at individual an object, while gathering of entity show at clump of individual
An entity have attribute. Attribute represent the nature of or property had by entity. This attribute differentiate between entity which is one with other entity
Relationship show the existence of relation among a number of entity coming from a number of gathering of entity different

Cardinality Relationship

Cardinality represent optimum of entity, where the entity can relation with entity at gathering of entity other

Type of cardinality relationship

One to One

An entity in gathering of entity A attributed to at most one entity in B entity in gathering and entity in gathering of entity B attributed to at most one entity in gathering of entity A

One to Many

An entity in gathering of entity A attributed to more than one entity in gathering of entity B, and entity in gathering of entity B can only be attributed to at most one entity in gathering of entity A

Many to One

An entity in gathering of entity A attributed to at most one entity in gathering of entity B, and entity in gathering of entity B can be attributed to more than one entity in gathering of entity A

Many to Many

An entity in gathering of entity A can be attributed to more than one entity in gathering of entity B, and entity in gathering of entity B can be attributed to more than one entity in gathering of entity A

Key

Key represent one or alliance from some attribute able to differentiate all data line uniquely
If an attribute become key, hence there may not be any two or more data line of equal value

Type of key :

Super Key
Candidate Key
Primary Key

Diagram Entity-Relationship (Diagram E-R)

An database, can be depicted graph with an diagram of E-R

Notation of E-R :

Square of length, depicting gathering of entity
Elliptical, depicting attributes (functioning attribute as key highlighted)
Ramble, depicting gathering of relationship
Line, depicting attribute relation to gathering and entity of entity to gathering of relationship
Relationship cardinality can be depicted with many line him branch or with usage of number, 1 for relationship one, n for relationship many

Step making of Diagram E-R

Identifying and specifying entire / all gathering of entity to involve
Determining attributes of key from each gathering of entity
Identifying and specifying entire / all relationship gathering among gathering of entity existing along with key foreign
Determining degree of cardinality to each relationship gathering
Equipping gathering of entity relationship gathering and with attribute of descriptive (non key)

System Database

2009-05-20T15:43:00.007+07:00

Database is defined as a group of data which is interaction, kept with minimum of redundancy to serve many application in an optimal fashion.

Redundancy :

depository of is same data by is recurring.
if data able to be obtained from separate kept other data.
Redundancy cause the problem of when renewing (update data), extravagant depository room, and can generate its consistence do not data.

Database management system represent an software which consist of a group of program to manage and look after data in a structure used by many application, free (independence) to storage media and method access.

Benefit of database management system :

Data independence
Efficient data access
Integrity and data security
Data administration
Access congruent and
of crash recovery
Time development of application lessened

Database management system consist of four component :

Data
Hardware
Software
User

Data

Data to an data bases have characteristic integrated and usage with. At application which is big relative of data tend to be used by system of multi-user, while at application of relative small of data tend to be used by system of single-user.

system of Multi-User is an conducive system many consumer (user) can access data bases concurrently (concurrent). System of Single-User is an system with at most one consumer can access data bases at any given time.

Hardware

Consist of especial equipments in the form of depository assist and equipments of Input / output and processor of memory especial, and also equipments of supporter (for example for the equipments of network or equipments of other communications).

Software

Software for the system of data bases referred as by SMBD, representing coat among data bases physically with user. Especial function of SMBD is to become shield to consumer of hardware detail, so that consumer with knowledge of minimum regarding hardware can use databases system easily.

User

Application programming, that is in charge of write application program using databases.
Final consumer, that is consumer which is have interaction to with data bases system on-lonely pass terminal or workstation. Interface used many to water down interaction. Medium for certain consumer use facility update data by interactive with language of query, because more supple in giving function which do not be provided by interface. Language of query is standard language used to define and data manipulation in databases.
Administrator database (Database of Administrator), that is someone compiling policy decision and strategy concerning data, and provide requirement of technique support for the implementation of selected decision. Bases data Administrator hold responsible to usage of rights access to data bases, coordinated and watch usage of data bases, and to provide the source of software and hardware according to requirement. Thereby data bases administrator accountable for all system control at technique level.

Data model :

Flat-File
Hierarchy
Network
Relational
Object Oriented (OO)
Object Relational (OR)

Technology of cellular CDMA and of GSM

2009-04-22T21:47:00.003+07:00

Technological History of mobile In Indonesia, business liberalisms of cellular started since year 1995, governmental moment start opening opportunity to private sector for have business to phone cellular by competition full. Can be paid attention, how when technology of GSM (global mobile for system) come and replace technology of cellular first generation which have entered previously to Indonesia like NMT (telephone mobile nordic) and AMPS (advance of mobile system phone). When in year 1980-an, Global technology of System For Mobile Communication (GSM) come to Indonesia, hence all technological user operator of AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) disappearing is. Last, emerge Satelindo as winner, what is later caught up by Telkomsel. And technological in the end GSM more pre-eminent and growth of mushroom basin in the rains, this because of higher network capacities, because efficiency in frequency spectrum from at technology of NMT and of AMPS.

Now, in range of time almost one decade, technological of GSM have mastered market with amount of customer / client more than the amount of customer / client of telephone remain to. In Indonesia, business liberalisms of cellular started since year 1995, governmental moment start opening opportunity to private sector for have business phone cellular by competition full. Can be paid attention, how when technology of GSM (global of mobile for system) come and replace technology of cellular first generation which have entered previously to Indonesia like NMT (telephone mobile nordic) and AMPS (advance of mobile system phone).

When year 1980-an, Global technology of System For Mobile Communication (GSM) come to Indonesia, hence all technological user operator of AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) disappearing is. Last, emerge Satelindo as winner, what [is] later;then caught up by Telkomsel. And technological in the end GSM more pre-eminent and growth of mushroom basin in the rains, this because of higher network capacities, because efficiency in frequency spectrum from at technology of NMT and of AMPS.

Technological application

There are some technology without cable for the technology of this cellular, among others is :

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), using technology of spread-spectrum to circularizing information signal which passing wide bandwidth (1,25 MHZ). Technological this come from him made by for the sake of military, using unique digital code, better than frequency or channel of RF.
AMPS (Advanced Car of Phone Service) representing analogous technology which use FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to assort available radio bandwidth to at a number of district channel which remain to. With AMPS, bandwidth 1,25 MHZ given for the usage of cellular divided to become channel widely 30 KHZ, each can only serve one subscriber at one time. One subscriber access a channel hence do not other subscriber can access the channel until first call that desist or handed-off to base of station other.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Data), representing a digital technology, is the same as that is by assorting available spectrum to a number of district channel which remain to, though each slot time showing channel which remain to than band frequency which remain to. For example which is technological implementation of TDMA is GSM, dividing wide carriers 2300 KHZ become eight channel time-division. GSM (global system of for mobile) is technology being based on TDMA.
UMTS (Universal of Mobile Telecommunication Access) representing is wrong of third generation system which developed in Europe. Designed so that can provide bandwidth equal to 2 Mbits / s. Service able to be given by UMTS strived can fulfill request of user anywhere reside in, its meaning of UMTS expected can serve area which for the width of possible, if there no UMTS cell at one particular area earn in route pass satellite. Radio Frequency which is allocation for UMTS is 1885-2025 MHZ and 2110-2200 MHZ. Ribbon the will be used by small cell (pico cell) so that can give capacities big at UMTS.

Technological of CDMA

Technological of CDMA the design is not sensitive to interference. Despitefully, a number of customer / client

in one cell can access frequency spectrum ribbon concurrently because utilizing code technique which cannot be conducted by at technology of GSM. Higher level Capacities to overcome the more call which is simulate per channel compared to existing system. System of CDMA offer the make-up of capacities exceed system Analogous AMPS as good as other digital cellular technology. CDMA yield a scheme of spread spectrum what at random provide bandwidth 1.250 KHZ which available to caller 9600 beet bps of rate.

improving security call.

Security become the nature of from approach of CDMA spectrum spread, and its this technological woke up first to provide peaceful communications to military. Reducing and noise of interference other. CDMA boost up ratio of signal-to-noise, because width of bandwidth which available to message. Energy Efficiency by lengthening energy live telephone battery One of the characteristic of CDMA is control power a effort to enlarge capacities call with constant maintaining of accepted energy level of caller peripatetic at base of station. facility of coordination entire / all frequency pass base base-station of station.

System of CDMA provide hand-off soft from one base-station to other as a peripatetic telephone roaming of cell to cell, conducting handoff soft remember all systems using is same frequency. function of Spread-Spectrum and of power-control enlarging capacities call CDMA resulting bandwidth which last for all kinds of data service of multimedia, and scheme of soft hand-off guarantee do not the loss of data.

Improving the quality of voice
Improve coverage characteristic able to degrade the amount of cell
Improving and privacy of security
Making moderate planning of systems
Needing lower remittance, so that time speak phone cell earn longer
Lessening interference at other systems
More hold up to multipart
Can be operated at the same time with other technology (for example AMPS)

Elementary difference of technology of GSM and of CDMA

Elementary difference of technology of CDMA is its modulation system. Modulation of CDMA representing combination of FDMA (Frequency of Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access). At technology of FDMA, 1 frequency canal serve 1 circuit at one time, while at TDMA, 1 frequency canal wearied by some consumer by slot different time. At CDMA some consumer can serve when at the same time and is same frequency, where differentiation one other is on system of coding, so that usage its frequency spectrum of technology of CDMA very efficient.

Excess which on the market CDMA for example quality of data and voice, tariff or price which is cheaper, smaller investment, and security in communicating (do not easy to tapped). Technology of GSM with its GPRS is competed with content at CDMA because limitation will be wide of application and data of multimedia at technology of GSM.

What is graphical design ?

2009-04-22T10:13:00.003+07:00

Definition of graphical design

Graphical design is one of the artistic form of paint giving freedom to the designer to chosen, to creating, or arranging aspect element like illustration, photo, article, and line above an surface with a purpose to be produced and communicated as a message. Picture and also sign used can in the form of other media or typography like or picture of photography. Design graphical is generally applied in the world of advertisement, packaging and others.

Category of graphical design

Marginally, differentiated graphical design to become some category :

Printing : loading book design, magazine, poster, booklet, leaflet, flyer, pamphlet, advertisement, and other publication which of a kind.
Web design : design for the page of web
Film : including CD, DVD, CD Multimedia for promotion.
Identify (Logo), EGD (Environmental Graphic Design) : representing professional design which include cover graphical design, architect design, industrial design, and garden architect.
Product Design : Package and of a kind.

Program processor of graphical

Application processor arrange situation (layout)

- Adobe FrameMaker

- Adobe In Design

- Adobe PageMaker

- Corel Ventura

- Microsoft Publisher

- Quark Xpress

Application processor of vector / line

- Adobe Illustrator

- Beneba Canvas

- CorelDraw

- Macromedia Freehand

- Metacreations Expression

- Micrografx Designer

Application processor of pixel / picture

- Adobe Photoshop

- Corel Photo Paint

- Macromedia Xres

- Metacreations Painter

- Metacreations Live Picture

- Micrografx Picture Publisher

- Microsoft Photo Editor

- QFX

- Wright Image

Application processor of film / video

- Adobe After Effect

- Power Director

- Show Biz DVD

- Ulead Video Studio

- Element Premier

- Easy Media Creator

- Pinnacle Studio Plus

- WinDVD Creater

- Nero Ultra Edition

Application processor of multimedia

- Macromedia

- Macromedia Authorware

- Macromedia Director

- Macromedia Flash

- Multimedia Builder

- Ezedia

- Hyper Studio

- Ovation Studio Pro

- Macromedia Director

- Macromedia Flash

- Multimedia Builder

- Ezedia

- Hyper Studio

- Ovation Studio Pro

Variable And Type Data

2009-04-17T20:07:00.003+07:00

Language of programming in general, recognizing the existence of variable used for save assess or data. While Java alone known as language of programming with nature of typed strongly with the meaning obliged data type declaration from all variable, and if forgetting or wrong follow variable declaration order, hence will get error at the (time) of process compiles.

Type Data

Java have data type able to be categorized to become two group, that is primitive data type and reference.

1. Primitive Type Data

Eight kinds of primitive data type in programming of Java, that is :

Integer (Integer )

Integer represent data type of numeric used if do not deal with number or fraction denary. Integer number usually use int, and non byte, and also short of long. Integer number also recognize positive value and negativity (number signed). Data type of byte and of short only used at special application which pay attention usage of memory. While long seldom be used by because seldom need number equal to capacities of long.

Floating Point (Number Fraction)

Floating Point used to handle number denary or more calculation of detail compared to integer.

Char

Char is single character which defined with early and terminated with sign ‘ (pluck single). Char differ with String, because String not such a primitive data type, but have represented a object. type of Char follow order Unicode, so that can use code / u is then followed number from 0 until 65535, but which commonly use is number of hexadecimal from 0000 until FFFF.

Boolean

In Java recognized by data type of Boolean which consist of two value just, that is and true of false. Boolean of vital importance in evaluating an condition and is often used to determine program path.

2. Type Data Reference

Excess of programming orient object is can define new data type which represent object of certain class. this Data type is used for the reference of or object of class certain, like String.

Variable

Variable represent container used for save an value at a program with certain type. To define variable, we earn to use identifier to name the variable.

1. Identifier

Identifier is character corps able to be used to naming variable, method, class, interface, and package. As language of program in general, Java have regulation for valid or valid identifier. Identifier can be referred as valid or valid if early with :

Letter / alphabet
Currency character
Underscore (_)

Identifier can consist of :

Letter / alphabet
Number
Underscore (_)

Identifier may not contain @, space or early with number. Besides, identifier may not use or keyword of words owning meaning or used in programming of Java. Lists keyword java :

Abstract
Double
Int
strictfp
Boolean
Flse
Static
super
break
fxtends
long
switch
byte
final
native
synchronized
case
finally
new
this
catch
float
package
throw
char
for
private
throws
class
goto
protected
transient
const
if
public
try
continue
implements
return
void
default
import
short
volatile
do
instanceof
interface
while

Besides using ordinary character, we also can use Unicode as identifier.

2. Declaration Variable

Elementary Syntax :

[data type] [name of variable]

After variable declaration with data type, hereinafter assigning value the variable with sign =. Earn also declaration and assign value in a line. We earn to make variable become constant which cannot be altered by its value by enhancing keyword before data type of variable. So that this constant can be accessed by other class without having to making object beforehand, hence we earn to enhance modifier and public of keyword static.

Array

2009-04-17T20:05:00.003+07:00

Array is a group of variable owning is same data type and expressed by the name of is same. Array represent important concept in programming, because conducive array for the save of reference and also data object in number many and made an index to. Array use integer index to determining its elements sequence, where first element of him started from index 0, both element owning index 1, and so on.

Declaration Variable Array

Declaration Variable array with wanted data type by which much the same to with ordinary variable.

Define Array

After array declaration, we need to define array, in meaning determine bigly of wanted array.

Array Two Dimension

At Java also provide facility to make array two dimension able to assist in programming if array one dimension fall short in yielding an solution. Array two dimension in fact is containing array of array.

Array of Multidimensional

Besides array one array and dimension two dimension, earn also make array of multidimensional at Java. Array of Multidimensional represent array which consist of array which do not limited to two just dimension.

Exception

2009-04-15T21:41:00.003+07:00

We know that no perfect program, and no consumer program which also perfect. Therefore, needed by an mechanism which assisting to handle mistake or error that happened, making moment goodness and also program implementation. Java provide mechanism in programming to handling the things is so-called with exception. Exception is event that happened when program meet mistake at program instruction moment run. Many matter able to generate this event, for example crash, damage hard disk out of a clear sky, so that programs do not can access certain files. Programmer even also can generate this event, for example by conducting the division of with number zero, or admission filling of element array exceed the amount of array element which is allocation etcetera. Exception consist of two kinds of group, that is :

Exception representing runtime exception subclass
Exception which non runtime exception subclass.

Runtime exception usually because of mistake of program or at design program. For example Null pointer exception which because of process of initializes imperfect program and Array index out of bounds exception caused to access array exceeding existing array capacities. In language of Java, on the happening of mistake, automatic will be thrown a object of is so-called exception, what then can be processed furthermore by readily functions handle the mistake. Process throwing of exception the is often recognized with term of throwing exception, while process acceptance of exception which is pertinent to be recognized with term of catch exception.

Block of Try – Catch

For the handling of exception, in Java used by block of try and of catch. Block try used to place program codes of Java pregnant of code program which possible throw exception. block of Catch used to placing program codes of Java used to handle a certain exception. After us enhance block of try – catch to overcome error that happened, hence program will present message of error that there is error that happened at console.

Object of Exception

Object of Exception yielded to earn we exploit to know furthermore regarding or error of exception that happened. Exception represent subclass of throw able class defining some method which also inherit by exception. Three important method is :

getMessage()

This Method return content order to depict exception happened.

printStackTrace()

This Method present message of and error of stack trace to standard of error output stream which usually represent console of windows if program representing console programs.

printStackTrace(PrintStream s)

This Method present message of error to object of print stream taken as parameter. If wishing to present message to console, we earn using System.Out as parameter.

Block of Try – Catch – Finally

Besides try – catch, we earn to define block of try – and catch of finally which owning more complete process, because at finally we earn to define program code which is always executed, goodness there is exception that happened and also if do not happened exception is at all.

Make New Class Exception

We earn to make new class which inherit exception class of java.lang.Exception. Anytime we need to define exception class which more specific for is certain, so that handling of exception earn more goodness.

Thread

2009-04-14T18:28:00.003+07:00

Thread represent ability provided by Java to make Taft application, because thread in program have duty and function separate. With existence of thread, can make more efficient program in speed matter and also usage of resource, because we earn to divide process in our application at the same time. Thread is generally used for the programming of multitasking, networking, entangling accessing to source energy by concurrent.

There is two way of which can be used in making a thread, that is :

Making subclass of thread

To run thread, can be conducted by calling method start(). moment of Start() run, hence in fact run method() of class will be run. Become to make thread, have to define run method() at definition of class.

implementation of Interface Runnable

Way of this represent the way of simplest in making thread. Runnable represent abstraction unit, that is class which is implementation this interface only enough function implementation of run(). In function implementation of run(), we will define instruction which developing a thread.

Daemon And of User Thread

There is two Kinds of thread in Java, that is and daemon of user thread. Daemon thread represent thread which is its life cycle depend on especial thread or mains, so that if mains thread end, hence automatically daemon thread-thread also follow to end. While thread user measure up to differ, where if especial thread have, hence thread user will continue to be run.

Sleep

Arranging thread to discontinue its process a moment and give opportunity at other process or thread.

Interrupt

If wishing an thread to discontinue process, hence require to call interrupt method. Interrupt used to give signal at thread to discontinue its process.

Synchronized

Synchronization is block or method owning addition of keyword synchronized, so that if run hence only one thread at one time which can run program block or method. Other Thread will await thread which is executing this method till finish. Synchronization mechanism important in the event of division of data and also resource among thread-thread. Synchronization also lock at data or resource which is processing.

Tips Make Professional Website

2009-04-13T10:32:00.004+07:00

Homepage (especial page) sites you have to earn to be accessed maximal 8 second or can be accessed to pass network connection minimum Internet 28,8 kbps. If process of connection requiring very old time, this matter of have potency loss of customer which do not “forbear staying” awaiting too old. Finally sites we will not visit to process all “candidate of customer”.

Ascertaining to figure in META Tag at each page your website. META Tag is conducive code engine search (searcher machine like : Google) to determining relevant keyword of your website.

Choose background color (appropriate background), don't use color influencing text to be read color of sites become a your liver expression. Color of Orange symbolizing fun while purple or is black symbolizing bleakness. For that choose appropriate color for your sites pursuant to content which implied in the sites.

Use animation need, don't too abundant because can influence consumer concentration when is being information. Besides, animation also can pursue access to page of your sites. A good animation non becoming guarantee that your sites draw attention visitor.

Especial page of sites have to be more be specific so that all visitor can know product which on the market. For example, if your sites represent a consultancy institute hence consulting services which better is on the market presented by in especial page. Visitor don't feel to confuse with existence of your ill defined sites of product which on the market.

Avoid installation of advertisement (banner) on the top your website. Limit the amount of banner to be displayed, maximal 2 and ideally enough 1 banner. More and more amount of banner, longer process to access and will very is bothering consumer concentration when visiting your sites.

Check wrong spelling and ascertain and picture of link in circuit better before presented on-lonely. Mistake in typing address of url result the page of “ ERROR”. If a sites there are one of the or some page which is error make the sites the look do not professional.

Equip your website with knob of navigation easy and lapped over elegantly at tabletop, under is, left, and also right. If using knob in the form of picture, important to remember that possibility of process access more long time. Why? Because picture have size measure which enough is big, and as we know. A page of sites maximal fairish at the most 100kb.

If cannot help use Frame, use precisely. Basically, usage of Frame in a sites will impress do not professional. Avoid page which needing “scroll”, this result less visitors balmy to look for information so that will in short order is “blurry” of your sites.

Reckoning the amount of click required to move from page one to is other. If too much click will very dragging on to visitor. You can apply system balmier navigation by figuring in logo at every its page.

If using “JAVA” at your website use precisely. Offering “Java” or “No Java” to visitor because can influence each performance of browser. Avoiding the existence of advertisement “up pop” to make visitor becoming to tire of.

Don’t enhance “auto play” voice when someone visiting your sites. Better offer, do using intro along with audio (sound) or direct to especial page.

Check your website with a few type of browser because each browser have different ability.

Format Graphical

2009-04-13T10:25:00.003+07:00

Graphic / picture in a website can give visual effect remarkable to website, but can add time of connection effect of to the number of presented picture. Graph in website can in the form of static, animation, and photography. So that connection to our quicker website, require to comprehend some file format which is often used by at a website, among others :

GIF : owning color 8-bit, supporting in the form of is transparent, color area compress by solid, reducing the amount of color and braid for the process of download quickly, also can be used to 7 to making animation in the form of graph (graphic animated).
JPG : owning color 24-bit, handling of quality and brightness hue which is found in a photo, can be kept in high format with quality and also rend an (low or high resolution), a file of jpg earn is also used by version low resolution (resolution low) of picture which look when picture is, do not support transparency.
PNG : PNG-8 support color 8 beet, area compress condensed color, taking care of durability detail, supporting transparency, compression more is sophisticated compared to gif because compress can around 10-30% smaller than format of GIF.

www ( Word Wide Web : representing corps of web server of functioning whole world provide information and data to be used together.

Web is facility of hypertext capable to present data in the form of text, picture, voice, animation, and other multimedia, where among the data each other related / relevant and correlate one with is other. To facilitate in reading the data needed by a browser web like Internet Explorer, Netscape, Opera, and also Mozilla Firefox.

Website (web sites : representing data repository and information pursuant to certain topic. Supposed by of this site web like containing book of certain topic.

Web Pages (page of web : representing a special page 2 from certain web sites. Supposed by of page of web this like special page of the book.

Homepage : representing containing page wrapper of table of contents or menu from a web sites.

Multicast

2009-04-12T14:50:00.010+07:00

Multicast is one of the result of idea of innovative able to assisting many in make-up of service of communications especially in the case of network of Network. In this handing out will a little a few to regarding Multicast this, where which in a word also he represent alliance from nature of had by communications of Unicast and communications of Broadcast. Excess and risk communications of Multicast this earn us know from comparisons which we conduct with methods other communications, where which later lacking of from communications of Multicast this represent new challenge is we which must overcome in the future.

Multicast IP represent IP datagram as within reason other datagram. the differentiating of it is, field of destination address at IP multicast datagram will contain wrongly one IP address which including class of multicast address. By using multicast address as address of is target of, we earn to conduct address at a group of host at the same time with only delivering one just datagram. In this handing out will study bases communications of multipoint, address multicast, needed to extension and condition is delivery and acceptance of multicast datagram, network design of multicast and various aspect which relate to network of multicast like routing multicast.

Traditional application at network of TCP / IP generally only entangling communications between two host. In its growth of consumer of network start to feel requirement to conducting communications entangling more than two side concurrently. some application at computer network start to require communications of multipoint, among others application of chat with, video and audio of broadcast to make radio broadcast and of TV at computer network, and also video application of conference having the character of multimedia, and real-time of interactive.

If evaluated from way of acceptance of datagram by host at network of TCP / IP, there is some ways able to be gone through for the designing of network application having the character of multipoint that is :

1 Unicast

Very classic Point-To-Point communication use IP datagram with mode unicast. At mode of unicast each every datagram have address of is target of unique (property of host certain). communications of Multipoint can be realized by making some relation at the same time at some host, what is each delivering unicast datagram. Coat application will deliver one coffee to each every host becoming communications member this multipoint. This technique very simple for implementation, because its principle only pursuant to ability of multitasking from an host to serve various application from some host at the same time.

But that way the way of this have limitation, especially if amount of host in concerned in communications of multipoint this plenty. Corresponding Host of multipoint have to make communications relation counted host in concerned. Besides improving work load each host in concerned, traffic generated by this communications will be collapsible duplicate counted host in concerned. This matter will generate the problem of usage of Bandwidth. Paying attention picture 1 for this illustration :

Picture 1 Replication datagram by host in mode of unicast.

From picture, seen that host of is source of performing a relation with A host, host B, Host C (third of located him in network which is equal to host of is source of, namely network 1) and D host (lay in network 2). In this case application the run is application multimedia (video, audio, and conference text), where host of is source of sending information which is same to entire / all host related to him. At host of is source of, happened replication datagram counted amount of host performing a relation with him. Important to remember that content each every this is same datagram precisely only differing just target address (at field of destination address).

Several things able to highlight from mode scenario of multi-unicast this is :

This technique is the way of simplest, because do not need changes at network side or module of IP in each host.
For the communications of point-to-multipoint, work load of host source will mount proportionally with amount of host related to him.
Usage of bandwidth by source host will mount because source host have to deliver is same information counted amount of host related to him, although the hosts reside in at one media shared like Ethernet. In example in of, host of is source of using bandwidth equal to 4 times needed to bandwidth delivering information to an host.

Let us see how the land lies if there are 30 host related to host of is source of. If to deliver peripatetic picture or video live with quality is needing bandwidth equal to 100 kbps, hence generated by bandwidth aggregate is host of is source of to serving 30 host become equal to 3 Mbps. conceiving also if half (15) is host exist in network 2, while network 1 and 2 attributed to channel of WAN which enough quickly like T1 (1,54 Mbps . pertained Channel is the speed high direct collapse effect of traffic which is very mount is the. From breakdown of above, we earn concluding weakness of this method namely :

work load of Host will mount.
very big Bandwidth need for the communications of multi-point entangling amount big host.

While advantage of this method is to :

Representing simplest design for implementation.
Do not give burden at host which not such a target of datagram.

2 Broadcast

Way of other to submit is same information to entire host is with method of broadcast. Conception Broadcast at computer network (Specially at network layer in protocol family of TCP / IP) and have been explained by at previous chapter. To delivering information to entire/all host exist in is same network, host enough delivering one addressed datagram to pertinent network address broadcast. Because entire / all host which is on one network have is same address broadcast, hence entire / all host will accept the datagram mentioned as information which must be accepted. Paying attention picture 2 for the illustration of this broadcast :

Picture 2 Delivery of datagram to address broadcast.

In this way, bandwidth generated by video relation of conference in an network do not base on the amount of host in concerned. And so it is with burden of host consignor, because only enough send one datagram able to be accepted by all host at network. However, host which do not want to belong at video of conference this also accept the datagram, because using is same broadcast. This matter will add activity of host which keep off because have to process the datagram before is finally disregarded. Besides, each every network have address broadcast which different each other. If this datagram is continued by router to each every address broadcast of network which in circuit with him, hence mentioned datagram can will spread over to various network which do not wish to accept the datagram.

3 Multicast

Way of third to make communications of multipoint is by joining both excellence is way of above in the case of delivery of datagram, namely :

Delivery only delivering one datagram to reach entire / all host representing member of group
Datagram only accepted by a number of referred as by certain host of group host.

Way of this referred as by mode of multicast, namely by mentioning one address multicast as address destination of sent datagram. As which have been explained, address multicast do not wear for address an host, is but addressed to address a number of host merging into one group running is same application. Paying attention picture 3 as illustration in delivery of datagram at communications of multipoint.

Picture 3 Delivery of datagram to an address multicast

At picture above, a number of host conduct communications of multipoint to run an application with. Host in concerned in communications of multipoint this some of is on network 1, some of again at network2. Between network 1 and network 2 connected to through router. One of the host (at picture referred as by host source) delivering datagram to an address multicast (taking example 224.22.33.44). To be more facilitate, this address multicast we is Identification with group 1, caused by possibility of usage of other address multicast as group 2, group 3 , etc. this Host Source only delivering 1 datagram to network. At network 1 using media shared, entire / all host in fact hear this datagram. Special to hosts in concerned and express itself as group 1 (owning address multicast 224.22.33.44 , datagram will be processed furthermore by coat in of IP, whereas to host which keep off (host C), datagram will be disregarded as other datagram which have address of is target of not to it.

At network 1 using media shared, entire / all host in fact hear this datagram. Special to host-host in concerned and express itself as group 1 (owning address multicast 224.22.33.44, datagram will be processed furthermore by coat in of IP, whereas to host which keep off (host C), datagram will be disregarded as other datagram which have address of is target of not to it. Constructively router which have owned ability of multicast, this datagram is distribute to network 2 caused by member of group 1 which reside in at network 2 any is amount of host at network 2 this. Decision to continue or do not continue multicast datagram to other network arranged in an protocol mechanism. With this protocol, multicast router can know at particular network there are member

an group. Its conclusion, usage of mode of multicast in form of communication of multipoint this have excellence some that is :

work load of Host light consignor enough, because needn't conduct datagram replication.
requirement of bandwidth for the transition of datagram do not base on the amount of host which involve. One or one hundred host in concerned at one network, bandwidth which is need being equal. And so do if at network 2 there are tens of host as member of group, router only require to continue one datagram, just to reach entire / all host.

While weakness (can be read as consequence) this method is to :

Needing new standard at protocol of IP and data protocol of link layer (for example Ethernet) to be able to send and accept multicast datagram.
Needing new protocol mechanism to arrange allocation of multicast address as certain group, membership of host at one particular group in an network, datagram routing multicast, etc.

By : Willy Wahyudi

Socket

2009-04-11T13:01:00.009+07:00

In communications between network required a interface between program connective application of communications some protocol ( program applications interface, API). In this case API represent interface which look to all programmer. In consequence, used API types very depend on system language and operation of programming used. API to be studied to work for network in system operate for UNIX by using language of programming C. In fact for the scope of this is there are more than one API type, but to be included here is Barkeley Socket Interface. To the transfer of having the character of connection-oriented process that happened is : first time server put into effect, then followed by client which later; then will conduct connection to server. As for its illustration shall be as follows :

Socket Address

System Call related to networking at BSD always addressing its, it to a structure of address of socket ( address socket). structure defined in file. header .

System Call Socket

Some elementary call system which used to conduct programming network :

a. socket system call

b. bind system call

c. connect system call

d. listen system call

e. accept system call

Definition Protocol

Server run at port 1500 and listen at port 1500, later then client run for connection to port 1500. After connection formed by client deliver and address place port of listen – its to server. Later then after server accept the information the of client hence server make connection to client pursuant to information port and address of listen client. After connection formed by hence server deliver ack to client and from side of client accept ack delivered by server.

Hereinafter side of client ask and user name of password. After and user name of password, hence client deliver request to server to conduct file upload. Later then server pass in client to the transfer of file. After client accepting the permission hence client the transfer of file to server. Later then after is altogether sent, hence client deliver ack that transfer of file which is the conducting of have.

Program Polymorphisms in Java

2009-04-10T19:40:00.005+07:00

import java.util.Random;

class Animal{

private String tipe;

public Animal(String tipe){

this.tipe = tipe;

}

public String toString(){

return "This is "+tipe;

}

public void TheVoice(){

}

class Dog extends Animal{

private String name;

private String type;

public Dog(String name){

super("Dog");

this.name = name;

type = "unknown";

}

public Dog(String name, String type){

super("Dog");

this.name = name;

this.type = type;

}

public void TheVoice(){

System.out.println("Guk guk guk");

}

public String toString(){

return super.toString()+"\nThis is "+type+" the name "+name;

}

class Chicken extends Animal{

private String name;

private String type;

public Chicken(String name){

super("Chicken");

this.name = name;

this.type = "unknown";

}

public Chicken(String name, String type){

super("Chicken");

this.name = name;

this.type = type;

}

public String toString(){

return super.toString()+"\nThis is "+type+" the name "+name;

}

public void TheVoice(){

System.out.println("Kukuruyuk");

}

class Cat extends Animal{

private String name;

private String type;

public Cat(String name){

super("Cat");

this.name = name;

this.type = "unknown";

}

public Cat(String name, String type){

super("Cat");

this.name = name;

this.type = type;

}

public void TheVoice(){

System.out.println("Meong meong meong");

}

public String toString(){

return super.toString()+"\nThis is "+type+" the name "+name;

}

class Polimorfisma{

public static void main(String args[]){

Animal[] TheAnimal = {

new Dog("Brino", "Herder"),

new Cat("Lili", "Persia"),

new Chicken("Chucky", "Kate")

};

Animal ChooseAnimal;

Random choose = new Random();

for (int i = 0; i<5>

ChooseAnimal = TheAnimal[choose.nextInt(TheAnimal.length)];

System.out.println("\nYour choose : \n" + ChooseAnimal);

ChooseAnimal.TheVoice();

}

By : Asep Herman Suyanto

Program Inheritance In Java

2009-04-10T19:38:00.006+07:00

class Transportation {

String x="Transportation Equipment";

void ShowFunctionTransportation() {

System.out.println("Function transportation : " + x);

}

class TransportationLand extends Transportation {

String land="in the land";

void ShowFunctionTransportationLand() {

System.out.println("Function transportation in land :" + (x+land));

}

class TransportationWater extends Transportation {

String water="in the water";

void ShowFunctionTransportationWater() {

System.out.println("Function transportation in water :" + (x+water));

}

class TransportationAir extends Transportation {

String air="in the air";

void ShowFunctionTransportationAir() {

System.out.println("Function transportation in air :" + (x+air));

}

class bus extends TransportationLand {

String varbus="transportation with four wheels";

void ShowFunctionBus() {

System.out.println("Function bus :" + (x+land+varbus));

}

class bicycle extends TransportationLand {

String varbicycle="Transportation with two wheels";

void ShowFunctionBicycle() {

System.out.println("Function bicycle :" + (x+land+varbicycle));

}

class dogcart extends TransportationLand {

String vardogcart="using horse";

void ShowFunctionDogchart() {

System.out.println("Function dogcart :" + (x+land+vardogcart));

}

class boat extends TransportationWater {

String varboat=" to look for fish";

void ShowFunctionBoat() {

System.out.println("Function boat :" + (x+water+varboat));

}

class plane extends TransportationAir {

String varplane=" vehicle of appliance ";

void ShowFunctionPlane() {

System.out.println("Function plane :" + (x+air+varplane));

}

class Inheritance {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Transportation superx = new Transportation();

TransportationLand subxa = new TransportationLand();

TransportationWater subxb = new TransportationWater();

TransportationAir subxc = new TransportationAir();

bus sublanda = new bus();

bicycle sublandb = new bicycle();

dogchart sublandc = new dogchart();

boat subwater = new boat();

plane subair = new plane();

System.out.println("SuperClass");

superx.ShowFunctionTransportation();

System.out.println("SubClass Transportation");

subxa.ShowFunctionTransportationLand();

subxb.ShowFunctionTransportationWater();

subxc.ShowFunctionTransportationAir();

System.out.println("SubClass Transportation’s Land");

sublanda.ShowFunctionBus();

sublandb.ShowFunctionBicycle();

sublandc.ShowFunctionDogchart();

System.out.println("SubClass Transportation’s Water");

subwater.ShowFunctionBoat();

System.out.println("SubClass Transportation’s Air");

subair.ShowFunctionPlane();

}

By : Asep Herman Suyanto

SQL

2009-04-08T10:52:00.005+07:00

One obviously cannot write a meaningful JDBC or Mysql++ database program without reasonable familiarity with SQL. This section explains the syntax of some of the commonly used SQL commands. It is obviously not possible to list here all of the different ways in which a client can interact with a database server using SQL, or even all of the commands that are supported by MySQL. However, we will give a sufficient introduction to SQL so that the reader can start writing useful JDBC and Mysql++ programs. In what follows, we will first describe some basic SQL commands and list some of the more commonly used data types in SQL. This will be followed by two interactive terminal sessions for demonstrating how one actually uses SQL. The interactive sessions will introduce additional commands and functions of SQL.

Some Basic SQL Commands
To get started with SQL, we will now explain the syntax of the following very commonly used SQL commands :
CREATE TABLE : creates a new table with given column headings
INSERT : inserts a new row in a table
SELECT : retrieves entries from single or multiple tables with or without constraints on the entries
UPDATE : changes table entries

Although, in keeping with the convention, we have shown the SQL commands in upper case, their usage is case insensitive. Let's look at a typical CREATE TABLE statement :
CREATE TABLE BookTable ( Title CHAR(20), Author CHAR(20), ISBN CHAR(13) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, PublisherID INT, PublisherRepID INT, Year INT, NumCopies INT )

This will create a database table with seven attributes, each corresponding to a separate column in the table. It also declares the data type of each attribute. The first three are of type CHAR(n), where n is the maximum number of characters that the column will hold. The last four are of type INT. With regards to the data types allowed, the SQL 92 specification recognizes the following general types :

exact numerics
approximate numerics
character strings
bit strings
datetimes
intervals

Within each of these general types, there are subtypes :
exact numerics: INTEGER (or, INT), SMALLINT, NUMERIC, DECIMAL approximate numerics: REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, FLOAT character strings: CHARACTER or CHAR, CHARACTER(n) or CHAR(n), CHARACTER VARYING(n)or VARCHAR(n), NATIONAL CHARACTER(n) bit strings: BIT, BIT(n), BIT VARYING(n) datetimes: DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, TIME WITH TIME ZONE, TIMES TAMP WITH TIME ZONE intervals: INTERVAL DAY (is the difference between two datetime values)

SQL does not specify the precision associated with the different data types—that's left to the
implementations. However, SQL does place some constraints on the relative precision of the related types. For example, the precision of SMALLINT can be no larger than that of INT. However, commonly a SMALLINT is represented by two bytes, and an INT is represented by four. A NUMERIC type has a fractional component, in addition to its integer component. For this type, precision refers to the maximum number of digits to be used for both parts together and scale refers to the number of digits to be used for just the integer part. For example, if you know that all your numbers in a column are going to less than 999.99, you could specify the data type for that column as NUMERIC (5,2). If you don't specify the precision and scale, the system will use a default of 12 for precision and 6 for scale. The DECIMAL type is closely related to the NUMERIC type. While a NUMERIC type can be used to place a constraint on the largest value in a column, there is no such enforcement for a DECIMAL type. For a column type specified as DECIMAL (5,2), a value such as 99999.999 will be acceptable. The difference between CHAR (n)and VARCHAR (n)is that for the former the system will pad a string with blanks if the number of characters in the data string is fewer than n. No padding is used for the latter. Getting back to the CREATE TABLE statement shown earlier, note that we declared the ISBN column to
be PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL. A KEY is an attribute (meaning, a column heading) that can be used to uniquely identify a row in a table. For a system to access a row, it must have some unique way to identify that row. An attribute declared as a KEY is supposed to serve that function. If you know that no two rows in a table will have the same value for a given attribute, use that attribute as the PRIMARY KEY for the table. Characterization of a key as PRIMARYis supposed to distinguish it from its declaration as a FOREIGN KEY. When an attribute is declared to be a foreign key in a table, it informs the table that the key in question is a primary key in another named table. So, by definition, an attribute declared to be a PRIMARY KEYwill take unique values in the different rows of a table. Moreover, this attribute will never be allowed to be NULL. In that sense, the declaration PRIMARY KEY NOT NULLis redundant. Another way to declaring an attribute to be a primary key is by using the UNIQUE label, as in
CREATE TABLE BookTable( Title CHAR(20), Author CHAR(20), ISBN CHAR(13) PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL, PublisherID INT, PublisherRepID INT, Year INT, NumCopies INT, UNIQUE( ISBN ) )

Sometimes it is not possible to identify an attribute that will take unique values in a table. In these cases, multiple rows can be declared to be NOT NULL, and the system will use a composite key based on all those rows. Of course, you have to be sure that the entries for those attributes will never be null. After you have declared a new table with the CREATE TABLE command, you can start inserting information into it with the SQL command INSERT, as demonstrated by
INSERT INTO BookTable VALUES ( 'Noxious Fumes', 'Sul Phuric', '3636-7737-10', 3, 101, 1935, 3 )

Each such invocation will enter a new row into the table BookTable. After a table is thus brought intoexistence, you can examine all its contents by the SELECT command, as in
SELECT * FROM BookTable

where * will cause all the columns of the table BookTable to be shown for every row. If you only wanted to see the table entries corresponding to the books published in year 2002, you'd say
SELECT * FROM BookTable WHERE Year = 2002

The following retrieval command shows how the information contained in two different tables of a database can be merged :
SELECT BookTable.Title, BookTable.Author, PublisherTable.PublisherName FROM BookTable, PublisherTable WHERE BookTable.PublisherID = PublisherTable.PublisherID

In the interactive sessions that follow, also note the use of the following SQL commands :
UPDATE ALTER TABLE DROP TABLE
for doing exactly what the command names imply.

Decision Support Systems

2009-04-07T14:26:00.003+07:00

I. Introduction

Information technology-enabled decision-making and decision support is also visible in the non-commercial arena. CommunityViz (www.communityviz.com) enables users to create community development models using scenarios, forecasting and 3-D visualization. Stopglobalwarming.org (www.stopglobalwarming.org) is representative of sites that allow users to learn of strategies to reduce energy usage and collaborate with others to promote conservation. Emily’s List (www.emilyslist.org), which allows users to support female political candidates, is one of many sites promoting political engagement. Federal, state and local governments use the Internet to make large volumes of data publicly available online, and facilitate routine activities such as applying for permits, or seeking out government officials (see O’Looney 2003 for a survey of decision support-oriented e-government applications).

However, there are a number of limits to IT-enabled decision support. IT-enabled services for search, service provision, recommendations and advice are less common for vulnerable or technologically-inexperienced populations: low-income persons, the elderly, the homeless, persons in the criminal justice system, those with mental or physical disabilities, as well as persons who work with or advocate for vulnerable populations. There are few applications that enable individuals to leverage the expertise and diversity of on-line social networks to identify, formulate and solve problems. In addition, there are few applications that enable public organizations to systematically organize best practices, collect data from diverse sources, collaborate with stakeholder groups and manage a variety of analytic models in order to pursue system redesign.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for IT-assisted decision support for public choice and public action. In addition, this paper provides three case studies of research initiatives that represent contributions to this domain: counseling support for low-income housing mobility, policy support for senior services provision, and leveraging social networks to reduce energy consumption.

There are three ways that IT-assisted decision support applications might improve the quality and/or extent of public policy participation and personal action. First, these applications may improve the quality of high-stakes decisions affecting tangible, long-term outcomes for individuals and families. Examples of these decisions include choice of housing and neighborhood, career options and job training/retraining, behavioral change, drugs, services or providers to improve health quality, and family support services to assist households in crisis. In all of these cases, an established social service infrastructure exists to support individual choices. However, high-quality, easily accessible and personalized IT-enabled assistance provided in such a way as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of human providers are not generally widely available (see e.g. the widely-criticized “Medicare Prescription Drug Plan Finder”, http://www.medicare.gov/MPDPF/Home.asp but also Vitolo and Vance 2002 for a successful example of a DSS to assist dislocated defense workers find new careers). Second, these applications may improve the quality of high-stakes decisions affecting outcomes for entire stakeholder groups, communities and regions. Examples of these decisions include provision of senior services, urban and regional planning, public safety service provision, and health care (see e.g. Timmermans 1997 for a collection of essays on spatial DSS for urban planning). Third, these applications can improve the quality of routine or repeated decisions that can improve the quality of everyday life. Examples of these include choice of transit route, changes in energy or food consumption and expanding or diversifying social networks for work, recreation and learning.

Developing decision support applications for public policy and personal action will require research to clarify a number of important issues. First, additional research will be required to understand the decision-making capabilities and preferences of typical application users, especially members of vulnerable or under-represented groups. Though the research literature on behavioral decision making is extensive (see e.g. Parker and Fischoff 2005, Scott and Bruce 1995), there is less understanding of the role that race, ethnicity, class and other personal characteristics may play in policy-related decision-making. Second, research will be required to understand how information should be presented to users to clarify decision alternatives. There is an extensive literature on the graphical presentation of quantitative information (see e.g. Tufte 2001, Bederson and Schneiderman 2003), but less understanding of presentation characteristics (type – maps, tables, charts; medium – paper, computer, video, verbal; style – prescriptive/suggestive, descriptive) and quantity of alternatives that best enable inexperienced users to frame and solve policy-related decision problems using information technology. There is also a need for research to understand how complex decision problems can be conveyed meaningfully on hardware other than personal computers, e.g. cellphones. Third, decisions may be performed using a wide variety of prescriptive methods (Eiselt and Sandblom 2004): compensatory versus non-compensatory methods; utility function-based compensatory methods versus non-utility function-based compensatory methods, and so on. However, there is no consensus regarding the decision methods that add the greatest value for inexperienced users solving policy-related decision problems.

The case studies in this paper provide limited and suggestive evidence to answer the questions listed above. Experience with housing mobility counseling support systems provides evidence that low-income families can make productive, IT-assisted decisions, but serving organizations face high barriers to empowering clients and re-aligning services to meet the needs of diverse clients. Policy systems for senior services provision have demonstrated that the significant potential for multiple models, data and expertise to support system redesign is counterbalanced by difficulties in sustaining the application in a resource-constrained environment. Preliminary research on use of social networks to reduce energy consumption indicates that changing intentions and the information base for making decisions is likely to be much easier than changing and sustaining actual energy consumption behaviors, but that online networks offer the potential for sustainable, long-term changes in daily behavior across large populations.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II presents principles of DSS for public policy change and personal action. Section III contains a case study of housing counseling support systems. Section IV surveys research on policy support systems designed to improve senior services provision. Section V introduces a new research direction: information technology to induce and support changes in energy consumption. Section VI concludes and identifies next steps.

II. Principles of Decision Support Systems for Public Policy Change

In this section we present principles that are asserted to be important in designing decision support systems for public policy action and individual choice.

Values

While personal values as a basis for decision-making are important in all domains, the importance of values that clarify decision choices in the non-commercial domain is especially great, since there is less consensus regarding individuals’ motivations for actions that don’t involve commercial transactions. Keeney’s “value-focused thinking” model (Keeney 1996) represents a useful framework for understanding individual and organizational motivations for decision-making and action. (Of course, there are many other methods for clarifying goals, alternatives and attributes in policy-related problem-solving; see e.g. Bardach’s (2004) eight-fold path for policy analysis.) Keeney asserts that clarifying the relationship between shorter-term, more easily-quantifiable “means” objectives and longer-term, more qualitative “ends” objectives can help identify decision alternatives, or strategic directions, that are more likely to be consistent with decision-maker preferences. He also asserts that clarifying the relationship between basic, or fundamental ends objectives, and more specific ends objectives that clarify the dimensions along which decisions can be made can help identify measurable attributes by which decision alternatives might be ranked.

We assert that DSS for public policy and public decisions should be designed on the basis of a rigorous values analysis, distinguishing between individual values, organizational values and societal values. For example, should a housing counseling support system have as a fundamental aim helping users choose among affordable housing units known to be available to a housing authority (risking selection bias in neighborhood quality), or instead help users to better navigate the private and public housing markets themselves (risking confrontation with barriers such as housing discrimination, or difficulties in identifying feasible housing alternatives)? Should a policy system for senior services be motivated by the desire for incremental changes in the existing system (where should a new senior center be located?) or fundamental change (should the senior center system be based on a traditional bricks-and-mortar model for site-based services, or something different?) A system for encouraging reductions in individual energy consumption use as motivation individuals’ desire to save money, or enjoy positive regard from peers, or take action to improve the environment? While there is some preliminary evidence from surveys and field research that can address these questions, the body of evidence is currently thin.

Evidence

Modern policy analysis relies on evidence for and against specific proposals, derived from studies of existing policies and analytical models representing policies not yet implemented (see e.g. Bardach 2004). However, it is difficult to incorporate evidence into public DSS, as it is often contradictory, hard to summarize effectively, or simply not known. Examples of sources of evidence include social services, public policy and engineering. In housing counseling, evidence might come in the form of data on fair housing complaints in various jurisdictions, or summaries of studies indicating observed housing and life outcomes for families making choices similar to those considered by the current user. In policy systems for senior services design, evidence might be white papers or links to research that summarize strategies for services provision, or provide specific guidance in applying analytical methods. In applications to reduce energy consumption, evidence might be estimates of reductions in carbon emissions, or reductions in out-of-pocket costs, associated with specific energy-saving choices. DSS for public action should enable users to identify and assess the evidence supporting specific action alternatives, or for a variety of problem types, quickly and easily.

Models

As indicated previously, decisions are made using a wide variety of models, some explicit, others not. Herbert Simon (1955, 1990) powerfully advocated for decision models that accommodate conceptual limitations of ordinary users. Also, extensive research on decision-making styles (Scott and Bruce 1995) shows a wide range of attitudes regarding individuals’ capability to make coherent decisions on the basis of well-articulated values and evidence. Finally, there is a substantial literature in management science on prescriptive decision models (Eiselt and Sandblom 2004).

However, there is no consensus on the type, and sophistication, of decision models that are most-appropriate for public policy decisions and individual action, especially for vulnerable and under-represented populations. We assert that these DSS should facilitate model-based decision-making. This would seem obvious, except that from different perspectives, models per se are often not seen as central to the goal of the decision support process. For example, surveys of housing counselors that led to the development of the housing counseling support system (Johnson 2005c) found that they saw their fundamental role as administrative (ensuring that clients followed the rules of assisted housing programs) rather than participatory (ensuring that clients make the housing relocation decisions that are best for them). Models of decision-making were thus irrelevant to their conception of assisted housing services provision. Also, current research on applications to reduce energy consumption is confronting the problem of representing the energy reduction choice: should it be a single recommendation that is accepted or rejected by the user, or multiple recommendations, accompanied by a decision model that can help users choose a most-preferred alternative?

Therefore, public DSS research should address both descriptive models to increase the capacity and skills for human decision-making, and prescriptive models to increase the technical proficiency in identifying and quantifying decision alternatives and choosing most-preferred courses of action.

Creativity and Collaboration

In order to add value to decision-making processes, DSS must actually be used. However, technical design of DSS, and design or redesign of administrative processes to facility DSS usage is challenging. Recent research on a decision support system for evidence-based medicine practice in an outpatient setting (Zheng et al. 2005) found that, despite an application designed according to expressed preferences of users and administrators, actual usage was lower than expected, usage styles ran counter to the application design, and social networks that might support usage relied heavily on perceived support from administrators, whether or not they actually used the system, and self-assessed computer knowledge negatively influenced system usage, while self-assessed enthusiasm for IT positively influenced system usage. We assert that DSS for public decision-making must facilitate creativity and collaboration in order to maximize usage. First, systems should reflect characteristics of individual users. Personalization of energy reduction recommendations to account for user sociodemographic characteristics is a key component of the system for energy reduction choices currently under development. Second, systems should allow users to test alternative assumptions and hypotheses. For example, the housing counseling support system allows users to define multiple queries in order to identify a candidate set of housing units and/or neighborhoods, and allows users to rank alternatives using two different decision models. Third, systems should allow users to collaborate within and across stakeholder groups. For example, proposed policy systems for senior services design allow multiple users to add to the knowledge base, and the proposed system to encourage energy usage reductions is based on the ability of social networks to influence usage behavior. Last, systems should provide rapid feedback to modify choices: based on decisions generated by support system, a user should be able to easily revise values, or quantitative criteria by which decision alternatives are generated, or criteria used to rank alternatives. While many existing general DSS software have these features (Creative Decisions Foundation 2006, Visual Decision, Inc. 2004), they are less common in the types of public policy-oriented systems considered in this paper. While the housing counseling support system prototype does not yet allow users to easily revert between decision outcomes and decision inputs, the proposed “footprints” system is intended to allow users to consider different energy reduction recommendations based on a range of personal usage characteristics and values.

JDBC Programming

2009-04-05T15:42:00.010+07:00

JDBC is a programming interface that communicates your SQL commands to a database, retrieves the results, analyzes the results in whatever way you want them analyzed, displays the results retrieved from a database, and so on. This section shows two JDBC programs. The goal of the first program is to make the reader familiar with some of the more basic classes of the java.sql package. This we do by constructing a couple of database tables and then querying them, just as we did in our first command-line SQL session in the previous section. The goal of the second JDBC program is to show how information can be rapidly loaded into a database table from a file.

As we will show in our first example, all communication with a database is through the executeQuery method of Statement, a class in the java.sql package. A Statement object is constructed by invoking the createStatement method on an object of type Connection, which represents the communication link with the database. But, as mentioned earlier, at the very beginning one must first register an appropriate driver with the driver manager. Since we will be using a MySQL database, we would need to register the mm.mysql.Driver driver with the JDBC DriverManager by
Class.forName( "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver").newInstance();
This invocation results in an automatic registration of the driver with the JDBC DriverManager.
When a JDBC program queries a table with SELECT, the object returned is of type ResultSet, another class defined in java.sql. To display the information in a ResultSet retrieval, one must first figure out its structure, meaning the number of rows and columns in the retrieved object. All such structural information regarding a ResultSet object resides in the corresponding ResultMetaData object. For example, if rs is a ResultSet object, to figure out the number of columns in this object, we can say
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
int numCols = rsmd.getColumnCount();
One often does not need to know explicitly the number of rows in a ResultSet object. The operator next, when invoked on a ResultSet object, takes the flow of control automatically to the next row. Therefore, once we have figured out the number of columns in the ResultSet object rs as above, we can set up the following print loop to display all the contents of the ResultSet:
while ( rs.next() ) {
for ( int i = 1; i <= numCols; i++ ) { if ( i > 1 ) System.out.print( " | " );
System.out.print( rs.getString( i ) );
}
System.out.println( "" );
}
Here is the source code for the first example:
//DBFriends1.java
import java.sql.*;
class DBFriends1 {
public static void main( String[] args )
{
try {
Class.forName( "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver").newInstance();
String url = "jdbc:mysql:///test";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
stmt.executeQuery( "SET AUTOCOMMIT=1" );
stmt.executeQuery( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Friends" );
stmt.executeQuery( "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Rovers" );
// new table (Friends):
stmt.executeQuery("CREATE TABLE Friends(Name CHAR (30) PRIMARY KEY, +
"Phone INT, Email CHAR(30))" );
stmt.executeQuery(
"INSERT INTO Friends VALUES ( 'Ziggy Zaphod',
4569876," + "'ziggy@sirius' )" );
stmt.executeQuery("INSERT INTO Friends VALUES ( 'Yo Yo Ma', 3472828, " +
"yoyo@yippy' )" );
stmt.executeQuery("INSERT INTO Friends VALUES ( 'Gogo Gaga',
27278927," + " 'gogo'@garish')" );
//new table (Rovers):
stmt.executeQuery("CREATE TABLE Rovers ( Name CHAR (30) NOT NULL, " +
"RovingTime CHAR(10))" );
stmt.executeQuery("INSERT INTO Rovers VALUES ( 'Dusty Dodo','2 pm' )"));
stmt.executeQuery("INSERT INTO Rovers VALUES ( 'Yo Yo Ma', '8 pm' )" );
stmt.executeQuery("INSERT INTO Rovers VALUES ( 'BeBe Beaut', '6 pm')" );
// Query: which Friends are Rovers ?
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(SELECT Friends.Name, Rovers.RovingTime FROM Friends, "+ "Rovers WHERE Friends.Name = Rovers.Name" );
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
int numCols = rsmd.getColumnCount();
while (rs.next() ) {for (int i = 1; i <= numCols; i++) { if (i > 1) System.out.print(" | ");
System.out.print(rs.getString(i));
}
System.out.println("");
}
rs.close();
con.close();
} catch(Exception ex) {System.out.println(ex);}
}
}
To compile this program, you'd need to tell javac how to locate the database driver. If the driver is in a JAR file named mm.mysql-2.0.7-bin.jar, an invocation like the following should work
javac -classpath .:∼/mm.mysql-2.0.7-bin.jar DBFriends1.java
You'd also need to specify the classpath for the java application launcher :
java -classpath .:∼/mm.mysql-2.0.7-bin.jar DBFriends1

The MySql Database Manager

2009-04-05T15:31:00.008+07:00

The MySQL database management system consists primarily of a MySQL server that can be accessed by a MySQL client for creating and using databases. MySQL also comes with a "terminal monitor"interactive program mysqlthat can be used for executing command-line SQL statements. This program can also be used to run SQL statements in a batch mode in which you place multiple statements in a file and then tell mysql to execute the contents of the file.

The rest of this section introduces some of the basic terminology of communicating with a database, our interest being specifically in communicating with MySQL databases. We will define and provide examples for the terms Driver Manager, bridge driver, and database URL.We will use Java-related examples for the terms, but the terms have the same meanings when C++ classes from Mysql++ are used for accessing a database.
As mentioned already, one communicates with a database through a database driver. It is the driver's job to figure out how to reach into the row—column representations of the tables of the database and to retrieve or modify the information at prescribed locations. There are a number of drivers available for communicating with a MySQL database. A commonly used driver by Java programs is the opensourceMM. MySQL driver.[4] In the same vein, other database systems have their own drivers. Many of these database systems, such as Access, dBase, DB2, Excel, Text, and so on, can be accessed with the ODBC (for Open DataBase Connectivity) driver that also understands SQL. While each of these database systems would have its own driver module, an ODBC driver would know how to "talk" to the product-specific drivers. A Java database program can communicate with all ODBC-accessible databases by using the JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.
Platforms that support database programming also usually provide a driver manager that knows about the various types of drivers commonly used today. For example, the DriverManagerclass in Java.sql will load in all the drivers referenced in the "jdbc.drivers" system property that can be included in a file of pathname .hotJava/properties at the top level of your home directory. One also has the option of loading into a JDBC program a specific driver by an invocation such as the following which works for the MM.
MySQL driver:
Class.forName( "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver").newInstance();
where the static method Class.forNamereturns the Class object associated with the class of name
org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver.
A driver manager can also help establish a connection with a database. Using the example the JDBC
class DriverManager again, its method getConnectionreturns an object of type Connection
defined in the Java.sql package. The argument to the getConnection method is a specially formatted string that for MySQL is the name of the database. For example, if we want a Java program to make a connection with the MySQL database test that comes with MySQL installation, we'd need to make the calls
String url = "jdbc:mysql:///test";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( url );
The string "jdbc:mysql:///test" is called a database URL (as opposed to the internet URL). If, on the other hand, we wanted a Java program to talk to an ODBC database, we could say
String url ="jdbc:odbc:myDatabaseName";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection( url );
If you are trying to reach a remote database over the internet, the database URL string may have to include the port number and other information, besides, of course, the internet address of the machine hosting the database.
If you have installed MySQL with default options on a personal Linux machine and you are just now becoming familiar with it, for the kinds of practice programs we will be discussing in this chapter you can start up the server daemon as root by invoking
safe_mysqld -Sg &
where safe_mysqld is a wrapper around the daemon executable mysqld that automatically invokes the proper options to use—unless they are overridden by command line options. The command line option Sg—which stands for "skip grant tables"—starts up the server without grant tables, giving all users full access to all tables. With default installation on a Linux machine, the database tables would ordinarily be stored in the directory /var/lib/mysql. The command
mysqld --help
shows all the options with which the daemon server program can be run. The following command when entered as root shuts down the server on a Linux machine
mysqladmin -u root shutdown
With default options, the server daemon will ordinarily monitor port 3306 for incoming connections.

Relational Databases

2009-04-03T11:16:00.007+07:00

Consider, for example, a database for storing information on all the books in a library. Let's say that we want to store the following information on each book :
Title
Author
Year
ISBN
NumberOfCopies
Publisher
PublisherLocation
PublisherURL
PublisherRep
PublisherRepPhone
PublisherRepEmail

Let's assume that the library has 100,000 books that are published by, say, 100 publishers. For the sake of making a point, let's also assume that each publisher is represented equally well in the library. If we represented all the books in a single "flat" table with eleven columns, one for each of the items listed above, the information in at least three of the columns—those under the column headings "Publisher," "PublisherLocation," and "PublisherURL"—would be the same for the 1000 rows corresponding to each publisher. That obviously is not an efficient way to store the information. There would be too much "redundancy" in the table. Since it goes without saying that the larger the number of entries that need to made to create a table, the greater the probability of an error creeping into one or more of the entries, our table would be at an increased risk of containing erroneous information. The table with the column headings as shown above will also have redundancies with regard to the PublisherRep information.

Now consider an alternate design consisting of three tables, one containing information generic to each book, the other containing information generic to each publisher, and the third containing information generic to each publisher rep:

BookTable:
Title Author Year ISBN PublisherID PublisherRepID
PublisherTable:

PublisherID PublisherName PublisherLocation PublisherURL

where we have assumed that the PublisherRep might be specific to each book and that the same rep may represent multiple publishers. We now associate unique identifiers, possibly numerical in nature, in the form of PublisherIDand PublisherRepID to "link" the main book table, BookTable,with the other two tables, PublisherTableand PublisherRepTable. PublisherRepTable: PublisherRepID RepName RepPhone RepEmail

These three tables together would constitute a typical modern relationaldatabase. Given this database, we may now query the database for information that for simple queries can be extracted from a single table, but that for more complex queries may require simultaneous access to multiple tables. Here are examples of simple queries that can be fulfilled from just a single table:
Retrieve all book titles published in a given year.
Retrieve all book titles published by a given author.
Retrieve all publishers located in France.
Retrieve all publisher rep names.
etc.
and here are examples of queries that require simultaneous access to more than one table in the
database:
Retrieve all book titles along with the name of
the publisher for each book.
Retrieve all books for which the designated
publisher rep is given.
Retrieve all book titles published last year along
with the name of the publisher for each
and the name of the publisher's rep.
etc.
Other possible interactions with the database could consist of updating the database as the library acquires additional books, modifying the entries, and so on. Over the years, a command language called SQL for Structured Query Language(SQL) has come into widespread use for communicating with databases, especially the server-based databases.[1]Since JDBC and Mysql++ programs serve as interfaces to SQL, it is important to get a sense of the syntax of SQL
before launching into the syntax of JDBC and Mysql++. JDBC and Mysql++ programs send SQL queries to a database, analyze the results returned by the database, and display these results in forms desired by the user.

Package Diagrams

2009-03-29T11:34:00.007+07:00

Introductions
- Package diagrams and package dependencies result from class diagrams.
- Class A depends on class B, A B, if changes to the definition of class B may cause an effect on class A.
Examples :
• class A sends a message to class B;
• class A has class B as part of its data;
• class A mentions class B as parameter to an operation.
- In an ideal oo-world, modifications which don’t change a class interface should not affect any other classes.

Dependencies in Programming Languages
1. Java
- Imports are non-transitive.
- Optional package visibility to reduce the level of nested details.
- Possibility of generating Facades which are explicit interface classes between packages.
2. C++
- Includes in C++ are transitive.
- No compiler supported “hide” option for nested classes.
- Complex makefiles which include tests on already defined objects.

Nested Packages
- Instead of drawing many separate dependencies, the technique of sub-packages reduces redundant dependency information.
- Instead of drawing many separate dependencies, the technique of sub-packages reduces redundant dependency information.
- Draw dependencies to and from the overall package, instead of many separate dependencies.
- An overall package can contain :
• classes
• class diagrams
• package diagrams
- Dependencies on an overall package represent dependencies on all members of the package.
- Separate dependencies on single members of the overall package can still occur.

Dependencies : Visibility
What does it mean to draw a dependency to a package that contains subpackages ?
- Convention “transparent”: gives visibility to the classes in the package and in the subpackage.
- Convention “opaque”:gives visibility to the top-level classes only, not to the nested classes.
- Make clear, which convention you use in your project (by use of <> or <> stereotypes).

Package Generalization
- Generalization between packages means that the specific package must conform to the interface of the general package.
- To emphasize the role of a general interface, the package can be marked as {abstract}.
- Example: An abstract database interface consisting of several classes is implemented either for Oracle or for Sybase.

When to Use Package Diagrams
- Use package diagrams for distributing and balancing work between development groups.
- Package diagrams are helpful to explore the possibilities of partitioning tasks in the development process.
- Package diagrams are extremely useful for testing purposes: rather apply tests on packages (i.e., several interdependent classes) than on single routines.

Unified Modeling Language

2009-03-27T10:20:00.007+07:00

What Is the UML ?
The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a language for
• Specifying
• Visualizing
• Constructing
• Documenting

Rational Unified Process

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system
A software development process defines Who is doing What, When and How in building a software product
The Rational Unified Process has four phases : Inception, Elaboration, Construction and Transition
Each phase ends at a major milestone and contains one or more iterations
An iteration is a distinct sequence of activities with an established plan and evaluation criteria, resulting in an executable release

The Unified Modeling Language
Booch and Rumbaugh started working towards a Unified Modeling Language (UML) in 1994 under the auspices of Rational Inc. UML only offers a model notation, not a methodology for how to do modeling. UML is used by the development method Objectory (Jacobson at Rational). UML was proposed by Rational Inc. and by Hewlett-Packard as a standard for object-oriented analysis and design and was adopted by the OMG. Vendors modify their CASE tools to make them consistent with UML.

UML Diagrams
- Use Case Diagrams
- Class Diagrams
- Interaction Diagrams
- State Diagrams
- Activity Diagrams
- Package Diagrams
- Deployment Diagrams